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Humans ability to transfer knowledge through teaching is one of the essential aspects for human intelligence. A human teacher can track the knowledge of students to customize the teaching on students needs. With the rise of online education…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Ghodai Abdelrahman , Qing Wang , Bernardo Pereira Nunes

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' knowledge states based on learning interactions to predict performance. While deep learning-based KT models have boosted predictive accuracy, most models rely on deterministic vector embeddings and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Siyu Wu , Cong Xu , Wei Zhang

Knowledge tracing (KT) is the problem of predicting students' future performance based on their historical interactions with intelligent tutoring systems. Recently, many works present lots of special methods for applying deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Zitao Liu , Qiongqiong Liu , Jiahao Chen , Shuyan Huang , Weiqi Luo

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a fundamental component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), enabling the modeling of students' knowledge states to predict future performance. The introduction of Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), the first deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yiyun Zhou , Wenkang Han , Jingyuan Chen

The rise of online learning has led to the development of various knowledge tracing (KT) methods. However, existing methods have overlooked the problem of increasing computational cost when utilizing large graphs and long learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Donghee Han , Daehee Kim , Minjun Lee , Daeyoung Roh , Keejun Han , Mun Yong Yi

In theoretical cognitive science, there is a tension between highly structured models whose parameters have a direct psychological interpretation and highly complex, general-purpose models whose parameters and representations are difficult…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-06-22 Mohammad Khajah , Robert V. Lindsey , Michael C. Mozer

Intelligent Tutoring Systems have become critically important in future learning environments. Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a crucial part of that system. It is about inferring the skill mastery of students and predicting their performance to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Sein Minn , Jill-Jenn Vie , Koh Takeuchi , Hisashi Kashima , Feida Zhu

Knowledge tracing (KT), aiming to mine students' mastery of knowledge by their exercise records and predict their performance on future test questions, is a critical task in educational assessment. While researchers achieved tremendous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Haoxuan Li , Jifan Yu , Yuanxin Ouyang , Zhuang Liu , Wenge Rong , Juanzi Li , Zhang Xiong

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to estimate student's knowledge mastery based on their historical interactions. Recently, the deep learning based KT (DLKT) approaches have achieved impressive performance in the KT task. These DLKT models…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Hengyuan Zhang , Zitao Liu , Shuyan Huang , Chenming Shang , Bojun Zhan , Yong Jiang

Knowledge tracing allows Intelligent Tutoring Systems to infer which topics or skills a student has mastered, thus adjusting curriculum accordingly. Deep Learning based models like Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT) and Dynamic Key-Value Memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Xinyi Ding , Eric C. Larson

Knowledge Tracing (KT) serves as a fundamental component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), enabling these systems to monitor and understand learners' progress by modeling their knowledge state. However, many existing KT models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Jing Xiao , Chang You , Zhiyu Chen

Knowledge Tracing (KT), which aims to model student knowledge level and predict their performance, is one of the most important applications of user modeling. Modern KT approaches model and maintain an up-to-date state of student knowledge…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Chunpai Wang , Shaghayegh Sahebi , Siqian Zhao , Peter Brusilovsky , Laura O. Moraes

We review and evaluate a body of deep learning knowledge tracing (DLKT) models with openly available and widely-used data sets, and with a novel data set of students learning to program. The evaluated knowledge tracing models include…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Sami Sarsa , Juho Leinonen , Arto Hellas

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical task in online learning for modeling student knowledge over time. Despite the success of deep learning-based KT models, which rely on sequences of numbers as data, most existing approaches fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Unggi Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Dohee Kim , Sookbun Lee , Jaekwon Park , Taekyung Ahn , Gunho Lee , Damji Stratton , Hyeoncheol Kim

Knowledge Tracing (KT) involves monitoring the changes in a student's knowledge over time by analyzing their past responses, with the goal of predicting future performance. However, most existing methods primarily focus on feature…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lixiang Xu , Xianwei Ding , Xin Yuan , Richang Hong , Feiping Nie , Enhong Chen , Philip S. Yu

Knowledge tracing consists in predicting the performance of some students on new questions given their performance on previous questions, and can be a prior step to optimizing assessment and learning. Deep knowledge tracing (DKT) is a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Jill-Jênn Vie , Hisashi Kashima

Modelling student knowledge is a key challenge when leveraging AI in education, with major implications for personalised learning. The Knowledge Tracing (KT) task aims to predict how students will respond to educational questions in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Max Norris , Kobi Gal , Sahan Bulathwela

Adaptive learning technology solutions often use a learner model to trace learning and make pedagogical decisions. The present research introduces a formalized methodology for specifying learner models, Logistic Knowledge Tracing (LKT),…

Applications · Statistics 2021-12-14 Philip I. Pavlik, , Luke G. Eglington , Leigh M. Harrell-Williams

Knowledge Tracing (KT) plays a central role in assessing students skill mastery and predicting their future performance. While deep learning based KT models achieve superior predictive accuracy compared to traditional methods, their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Sein Minn , Roger Nkambou

Knowledge tracing is a technique that predicts students' future performance by analyzing their learning process through historical interactions with intelligent educational platforms, enabling a precise evaluation of their knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Zhiyu Chen , Wei Ji , Jing Xiao , Zitao Liu