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Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for automated grading, but their outputs can be unreliable. Rather than improving grading accuracy directly, we address a complementary problem: \textit{predicting when an LLM grader is likely to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Robinson Ferrer , Damla Turgut , Zhongzhou Chen , Shashank Sonkar

Using large language models (LLMs) for source code has recently gained attention. LLMs, such as Transformer-based models like Codex and ChatGPT, have been shown to be highly capable of solving a wide range of programming problems. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Atsushi Shirafuji , Yutaka Watanobe , Takumi Ito , Makoto Morishita , Yuki Nakamura , Yusuke Oda , Jun Suzuki

Expert-designed close-ended benchmarks are indispensable in assessing the knowledge capacity of large language models (LLMs). Despite their widespread use, concerns have mounted regarding their reliability due to limited test scenarios and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Jiatong Li , Renjun Hu , Kunzhe Huang , Yan Zhuang , Qi Liu , Mengxiao Zhu , Xing Shi , Wei Lin

Most current large language models (LLMs) support a wide variety of languages in addition to English, including high-resource languages (e.g. German, Chinese, French), as well as low-resource ones (e.g. Swahili, Telugu). In addition they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Jan-Thorsten Peter , David Vilar , Tobias Domhan , Dan Malkin , Markus Freitag

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks in various domains. Despite their impressive performance, they can be unreliable due to factual errors in their generations. Assessing their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Jiahui Geng , Fengyu Cai , Yuxia Wang , Heinz Koeppl , Preslav Nakov , Iryna Gurevych

Software languages evolve over time for reasons such as feature additions. When grammars evolve, textual instances that originally conformed to them may become outdated. While model-driven engineering provides many techniques for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Weixing Zhang , Bowen Jiang , Yuhong Fu , Anne Koziolek , Regina Hebig , Daniel Strüber

Large Language Models (LLMs) promise to streamline software code reviews, but their ability to produce consistent assessments remains an open question. In this study, we tested four leading LLMs -- GPT-4o mini, GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Eugene Klishevich , Yegor Denisov-Blanch , Simon Obstbaum , Igor Ciobanu , Michal Kosinski

Despite their outstanding performance, large language models (LLMs) suffer notorious flaws related to their preference for simple, surface-level textual relations over full semantic complexity of the problem. This proposal investigates a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Michal Štefánik

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate considerable potential in various natural language tasks but face significant challenges in mathematical reasoning, particularly in executing precise, multi-step logic. However, current evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Tiasa Singha Roy , Aditeya Baral , Ayush Rajesh Jhaveri , Yusuf Baig

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in research as both tools and objects of study. Much of this work assumes that LLM performance under fixed conditions (identical model snapshot, hyperparameters, and prompt) is…

Applications · Statistics 2026-04-09 Paul Tschisgale , Peter Wulff

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in AI-based tutoring systems. Can they faithfully model novice reasoning and metacognitive judgments? Existing evaluations emphasize problem-solving accuracy, overlooking the fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Conrad Borchers , Jill-Jênn Vie , Roger Azevedo

We investigate how well large language models (LLMs) generalize across different task difficulties, a key question for effective data curation and evaluation. Existing research is mixed regarding whether training on easier or harder data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yeganeh Kordi , Nihal V. Nayak , Max Zuo , Ilana Nguyen , Stephen H. Bach

Large Language Model (LLM) evaluation is currently one of the most important areas of research, with existing benchmarks proving to be insufficient and not completely representative of LLMs' various capabilities. We present a curated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Aisha Khatun , Daniel G. Brown

Our study explores how well the state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs), like GPT-4 and Mistral, can assess the quality of scientific summaries or, more fittingly, scientific syntheses, comparing their evaluations to those of human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Julia Evans , Jennifer D'Souza , Sören Auer

To address this gap, our study introduces the concept of causal epistemic consistency, which focuses on the self-consistency of Large Language Models (LLMs) in differentiating intermediates with nuanced differences in causal reasoning. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Shaobo Cui , Junyou Li , Luca Mouchel , Yiyang Feng , Boi Faltings

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant popularity in recent years for their ability to answer questions in various fields. However, these models have a tendency to "hallucinate" their responses, making it challenging to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Elizaveta Reganova , Peter Steinbach

Evaluating the real-world applicability of large language models (LLMs) provides valuable insights for their development and use in software development tasks. Existing benchmarks often focus on standalone coding problems or specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Jun Xing , Mayur Bhatia , Sahil Phulwani , Darshan Suresh , Rafik Matta

The progress of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT raises the question of how they can be integrated into education. One hope is that they can support mathematics learning, including word-problem solving. Since LLMs can handle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Anselm R. Strohmaier , Wim Van Dooren , Kathrin Seßler , Brian Greer , Lieven Verschaffel

The reliability of large language models (LLMs) is greatly compromised by their tendency to hallucinate, underscoring the need for precise identification of knowledge gaps within LLMs. Various methods for probing such gaps exist, ranging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Raoyuan Zhao , Abdullatif Köksal , Ali Modarressi , Michael A. Hedderich , Hinrich Schütze

The development of highly fluent large language models (LLMs) has prompted increased interest in assessing their reasoning and problem-solving capabilities. We investigate whether several LLMs can solve a classic type of deductive reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Spencer M. Seals , Valerie L. Shalin
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