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The escalating sophistication of phishing emails necessitates a shift beyond traditional rule-based and conventional machine-learning-based detectors. Although large language models (LLMs) offer strong natural language understanding, using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Abrar Hamed Al Barwani , Abdelaziz Amara Korba , Raja Waseem Anwar

Password security plays a crucial role in cybersecurity, yet traditional password strength meters, which rely on static rules like character-type requirements, often fail. Such methods are easily bypassed by common password patterns (e.g.,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Muhammed El Mustaqeem Mazelan , Noor Hazlina Abdul , Nouar AlDahoul

Phishing detectors built on engineered website features attain near-perfect accuracy under i.i.d.\ evaluation, yet deployment security depends on robustness to post-deployment feature manipulation. We study this gap through a cost-aware…

This study investigates the efficacy of machine learning models in network security threat detection through the critical lens of partial versus complete flow information, addressing a common gap between research settings and real-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Adrian Pekar , Richard Jozsa

Traditional phishing website detection relies on static heuristics or reference lists, which lag behind rapidly evolving attacks. While recent systems incorporate large language models (LLMs), they are still prompt-based, deterministic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xuan Chen , Hao Liu , Tao Yuan , Mehran Kafai , Piotr Habas , Xiangyu Zhang

The increase in people's use of mobile messaging services has led to the spread of social engineering attacks like phishing, considering that spam text is one of the main factors in the dissemination of phishing attacks to steal sensitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Mai A. Shaaban , Yasser F. Hassan , Shawkat K. Guirguis

In detecting malicious websites, a common approach is the use of blacklists which are not exhaustive in themselves and are unable to generalize to new malicious sites. Detecting newly encountered malicious websites automatically will help…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Adebayo Oshingbesan , Courage Ekoh , Chukwuemeka Okobi , Aime Munezero , Kagame Richard

Social engineering attacks delivered via email, commonly known as phishing, represent a persistent cybersecurity threat leading to significant organizational incidents and data breaches. Although many organizations train employees on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Andrew T. Rozema , James C. Davis

Owing to the increase in 'certified' phishing websites, there is a steady increase in the number of phishing cases and general susceptibility to phishing. Trust mechanisms (e.g., HTTPS Lock Indicators, SSL Certificates) that help…

In the very last years, cybersecurity attacks have increased at an unprecedented pace, becoming ever more sophisticated and costly. Their impact has involved both private/public companies and critical infrastructures. At the same time, due…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Filippo Sobrero , Beatrice Clavarezza , Daniele Ucci , Federica Bisio

Phishing is a type of social engineering attack with an intention to steal user data, including login credentials and credit card numbers, leading to financial losses for both organisations and individuals. It occurs when an attacker,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-02 J. Samantha Tharani , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage

Vicious assaults, malware, and various ransomware pose a cybersecurity threat, causing considerable damage to computer structures, servers, and mobile and web apps across various industries and businesses. These safety concerns are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Kavitha Kunku , ANK Zaman , Kaushik Roy

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to detect phishing emails is primarily dependent on large-scale centralized datasets, which opens it up to a myriad of privacy, trust, and legal issues. Moreover, organizations are loathed to share…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Chandra Thapa , Jun Wen Tang , Alsharif Abuadbba , Yansong Gao , Seyit Camtepe , Surya Nepal , Mahathir Almashor , Yifeng Zheng

Sophisticated phishing attacks have emerged as a major cybersecurity threat, becoming more common and difficult to prevent. Though machine learning techniques have shown promise in detecting phishing attacks, they function mainly as "black…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Bryan Lim , Roman Huerta , Alejandro Sotelo , Anthonie Quintela , Priyanka Kumar

Port scanning is the process of attempting to connect to various network ports on a computing endpoint to determine which ports are open and which services are running on them. It is a common method used by hackers to identify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Jason M. Pittman

Phishing emails are a critical component of the cybercrime kill chain due to their wide reach and low cost. Their ever-evolving nature renders traditional rule-based and feature-engineered detectors ineffective in the ongoing arms race…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Ruofan Liu , Yun Lin , Silas Yeo Shuen Yu , Xiwen Teoh , Zhenkai Liang , Jin Song Dong

The large-scale deployment of modern phishing attacks relies on the automatic exploitation of vulnerable websites in the wild, to maximize profit while hindering attack traceability, detection and blacklisting. To the best of our knowledge,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-07-04 Igino Corona , Battista Biggio , Matteo Contini , Luca Piras , Roberto Corda , Mauro Mereu , Guido Mureddu , Davide Ariu , Fabio Roli

In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in cyberattacks using ransomware. Attackers use this malicious software to break into networks and harm computer systems. This has caused significant and lasting damage to various…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Ali Mehrban , Shirin Karimi Geransayeh

Malicious attacks, malware, and ransomware families pose critical security issues to cybersecurity, and it may cause catastrophic damages to computer systems, data centers, web, and mobile applications across various industries and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Mohammad Masum , Md Jobair Hossain Faruk , Hossain Shahriar , Kai Qian , Dan Lo , Muhaiminul Islam Adnan

Anti-phishing aims to detect phishing content/documents in a pool of textual data. This is an important problem in cybersecurity that can help to guard users from fraudulent information. Natural language processing (NLP) offers a natural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-07 Minh Nguyen , Toan Nguyen , Thien Huu Nguyen