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While Transformers have been the main architecture behind deep learning's success in language modeling, state-space models (SSMs) such as Mamba have recently been shown to match or outperform Transformers at small to medium scale. We show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Tri Dao , Albert Gu

Transformers have become dominant in large-scale deep learning tasks across various domains, including text, 2D and 3D vision. However, the quadratic complexity of their attention mechanism limits their efficiency as the sequence length…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Nursena Köprücü , Destiny Okpekpe , Antonio Orvieto

State space models (SSMs) have recently emerged as a powerful framework for long sequence processing, outperforming traditional methods on diverse benchmarks. Fundamentally, SSMs can generalize both recurrent and convolutional networks and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-24 Xiaoyu Zhang , Mingtao Hu , Sen Lu , Soohyeon Kim , Eric Yeu-Jer Lee , Yuyang Liu , Wei D. Lu

State-space models (SSMs) are a highly expressive model class for learning patterns in time series data and for system identification. Deterministic versions of SSMs (e.g. LSTMs) proved extremely successful in modeling complex time series…

State-space models (SSMs) have recently emerged as a compelling alternative to Transformers for sequence modeling tasks. This paper presents a theoretical generalization analysis of selective SSMs, the core architectural component behind…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Arya Honarpisheh , Mustafa Bozdag , Octavia Camps , Mario Sznaier

Effectively modeling long spatiotemporal sequences is challenging due to the need to model complex spatial correlations and long-range temporal dependencies simultaneously. ConvLSTMs attempt to address this by updating tensor-valued states…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Jimmy T. H. Smith , Shalini De Mello , Jan Kautz , Scott W. Linderman , Wonmin Byeon

State Space Models (SSMs) have recently enjoyed a rise to prominence in the field of deep learning for sequence modeling, especially as an alternative to Transformers. Their success stems from avoiding two well-known drawbacks of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Stefano Rando , Luca Romani , Matteo Migliarini , Luca Franco , Denis Gudovskiy , Fabio Galasso

Modern large language models are built on sequence modeling via next-token prediction. While the Transformer remains the dominant architecture for sequence modeling, its quadratic decoding complexity in sequence length poses a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Bo Liu , Rui Wang , Lemeng Wu , Yihao Feng , Peter Stone , Qiang Liu

State-space models (SSMs) have emerged as an efficient strategy for building powerful language models, avoiding the quadratic complexity of computing attention in transformers. Despite their promise, the interpretability and steerability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Vamshi Sunku Mohan , Kaustubh Gupta , Aneesha Das , Chandan Singh

A central goal of sequence modeling is designing a single principled model that can address sequence data across a range of modalities and tasks, particularly on long-range dependencies. Although conventional models including RNNs, CNNs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Albert Gu , Karan Goel , Christopher Ré

Structured State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as alternatives to transformers. While SSMs are often regarded as effective in capturing long-sequence dependencies, we rigorously demonstrate that they are inherently limited by strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Peihao Wang , Ruisi Cai , Yuehao Wang , Jiajun Zhu , Pragya Srivastava , Zhangyang Wang , Pan Li

Transformers, powered by the attention mechanism, are the backbone of most foundation models, yet they suffer from quadratic complexity and difficulties in dealing with long-range dependencies in the input sequence. Recent work has shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Riccardo Zattra , Giacomo Baggio , Umberto Casti , Augusto Ferrante , Francesco Ticozzi

State Space Models (SSMs), particularly recent selective variants like Mamba, have emerged as a leading architecture for sequence modeling, challenging the dominance of Transformers. However, the success of these state-of-the-art models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Yiyi Wang , Jian'an Zhang , Hongyi Duan , Haoyang Liu , Qingyang Li

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is one of the most powerful sequence models. Despite the strong performance, however, it lacks the nice interpretability as in state space models. In this paper, we present a way to combine the best of both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-04 Xun Zheng , Manzil Zaheer , Amr Ahmed , Yuan Wang , Eric P Xing , Alexander J Smola

Long-range dependencies are critical for understanding genomic structure and function, yet most conventional methods struggle with them. Widely adopted transformer-based models, while excelling at short-context tasks, are limited by the…

Sequence modeling plays a vital role across various domains, with recurrent neural networks being historically the predominant method of performing these tasks. However, the emergence of transformers has altered this paradigm due to their…

Selective State-Space Models (SSMs) such as Mamba have emerged as an alternative architecture to self-attention based transformers in sequence modeling tasks. Recent works have demonstrated the use of transformers in some filtering and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Alex Tang , M. Emrullah Ildiz , Batin Kurt , Samet Oymak , Necmiye Ozay

A central challenge in sequence modeling is efficiently handling tasks with extended contexts. While recent state-space models (SSMs) have made significant progress in this area, they often lack input-dependent filtering or require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Taylan Soydan , Nikola Zubić , Nico Messikommer , Siddhartha Mishra , Davide Scaramuzza

Selective state space models (SSMs), such as Mamba, highly excel at capturing long-range dependencies in 1D sequential data, while their applications to 2D vision tasks still face challenges. Current visual SSMs often convert images into 1D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Chaodong Xiao , Minghan Li , Zhengqiang Zhang , Deyu Meng , Lei Zhang

State Space Models (SSMs), particularly the Mamba architecture, have recently emerged as powerful alternatives to Transformers for sequence modeling, offering linear computational complexity while achieving competitive performance. Yet,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mohamed A. Mabrok , Yalda Zafari