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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) tend to disrupt the atmosphere and pedestrian experience in urban shared spaces, undermining the focus of these spaces on people and placemaking. We investigate how external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs)…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yiyuan Wang , Martin Tomitsch , Marius Hoggenmüller , Senuri Wijenayake , Wai Yan , Luke Hespanhol

Compared to a manual driving vehicle (MV), an automated driving vehicle lacks a way to communicate with the pedestrian through the driver when it interacts with the pedestrian because the driver usually does not participate in driving…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Hailong Liu , Takatsugu Hirayama , Masaya Watanabe

In comparison to conventional traffic designs, shared spaces promote a more pleasant urban environment with slower motorized movement, smoother traffic, and less congestion. In the foreseeable future, shared spaces will be populated with a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Yang Li , Hao Cheng , Zhe Zeng , Hailong Liu , Monika Sester

A shared space area is a low-speed urban area in which pedestrians, cyclists, and vehicles share the road, often relying on informal interaction rules and greatly expanding freedom of movement for pedestrians and cyclists. While shared…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Yan Feng , Haneen Farah , Bart van Arem

Increasing autonomous vehicles (AVs) in transportation systems makes effective interactions between AVs and pedestrians indispensable. External human--machine interface (eHMI), which employs visual or auditory cues to explicitly convey…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Boya Sun , Haotian Shi , Ying Ni , Shaocheng Jia , Haoyang Liang

Policymakers advocate for the use of external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs) to allow autonomous vehicles (AVs) to communicate their intentions or status. Nonetheless, scalability concerns in complex traffic scenarios arise, such as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Tram Thi Minh Tran , Callum Parker , Marius Hoggenmuller , Yiyuan Wang , Martin Tomitsch

With automated vehicles (AVs), the absence of a human operator could necessitate external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs) to communicate with other road users. Existing research primarily focuses on pedestrian-AV interactions, with limited…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Mark Colley , Simon Kopp , Debargha Dey , Pascal Jansen , Enrico Rukzio

As autonomous vehicles become more integrated into shared human environments, effective communication with road users is essential for ensuring safety. While previous research has focused on developing external Human-Machine Interfaces…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Ronald Cumbal , Didem Gurdur Broo , Ginevra Castellano

The present cross-disciplinary research explores pedestrian-autonomous vehicle interactions in a safe, virtual environment. We first present contemporary tools in the field and then propose the design and development of a new application…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Georgios Pappas , Joshua E. Siegel , Jacob Rutkowski , Andrea Schaaf

Autonomous Personal Mobility Vehicle (APMV) is a miniaturized autonomous vehicle designed to provide short-distance mobility to everyone in pedestrian-rich environments. By the characteristic of the open design, passengers on the APMV are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Hailong Liu , Yang Li , Zhe Zeng , Hao Cheng , Chen Peng , Takahiro Wada

External Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs) are critical for seamless interactions between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and pedestrians in shared spaces. However, they often struggle to adapt to these environments, where pedestrian movement is…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Le Yue , Tram Thi Minh Tran , Xinyan Yu , Marius Hoggenmueller

As autonomous vehicles are gradually being deployed in the real world, external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs) are expected to serve as a critical solution for enhancing vehicle-pedestrian communication. However, existing eHMI designs…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jialong Li , Zhenyu Mao , Zhiyao Wang , Yijun Lu , Shogo Morita , Nianyu Li , Kenji Tei

External human-machine interface (eHMI) is considered as a new explicit communication method for pedestrian-AV interactions, particularly in encounter scenarios. Pedestrians without prior negotiation experience with eHMI may misinterpret…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Hailong Liu , Takatsugu Hirayama

As the field of automated vehicles (AVs) advances, it has become increasingly critical to develop human-machine interfaces (HMI) for both internal and external communication. Critical dialogue is emerging around the potential necessity for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Haoyu Dong , Tram Thi Minh Tran , Pavlo Bazilinskyy , Marius Hoggenmüller , Debargha Dey , Silvia Cazacu , Mervyn Franssen , Ruolin Gao

Automated vehicles (AVs) must communicate their yielding intentions to pedestrians at crossings. External Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs, on-vehicle displays) are promising solutions, but were primarily tested with walking pedestrians.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Ammar Al-Taie , Thomas Goodge , Shaun Macdonald , Ian Oakley , Stephen Brewster

Recent studies have investigated new approaches for communicating an autonomous vehicle's (AV) intent and awareness to pedestrians. This paper adds to this body of work by presenting the design and evaluation of in-situ projections on the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Trung Thanh Nguyen , Kai Hollander , Marius Hoggenmueller , Callum Parker , Martin Tomitsch

The investigation of factors contributing at making humans trust Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) will play a fundamental role in the adoption of such technology. The user's ability to form a mental model of the AV, which is crucial to establish…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Lia Morra , Fabrizio Lamberti , F. Gabriele Pratticó , Salvatore La Rosa , Paolo Montuschi

Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) for automated vehicles (AVs) are typically divided into two categories: internal HMIs for interactions within the vehicle, and external HMIs for communication with other road users. In this work, we examine…

The rise of autonomous systems in cities, such as automated vehicles (AVs), requires new approaches for prototyping and evaluating how people interact with those systems through context-based user interfaces, such as external human-machine…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Marius Hoggenmueller , Martin Tomitsch , Luke Hespanhol , Tram Thi Minh Tran , Stewart Worrall , Eduardo Nebot

In mixed traffic environments that involve conventional vehicles (CVs) and autonomous vehicles (AVs), it is crucial for CV drivers to maintain an appropriate level of situation awareness to ensure safe and efficient interactions with AVs.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Lilit Avetisyan , Aditya Deshmukh , X. Jessie Yang , Feng Zhou
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