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To make Explainable AI (XAI) systems trustworthy, understanding harmful effects is just as important as producing well-designed explanations. In this paper, we address an important yet unarticulated type of negative effect in XAI. We…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Upol Ehsan , Mark O. Riedl

As AI systems appear to exhibit ever-increasing capability and generality, assessing their true potential and safety becomes paramount. This paper contends that the prevalent evaluation methods for these systems are fundamentally…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-15 John Burden

The increasing capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) systems make it ever more important that we interpret their internals to ensure that their intentions are aligned with human values. Yet there is reason to believe that misaligned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Lee Sharkey

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to create transparency in modern AI models by offering explanations of the models to human users. There are many ways in which researchers have attempted to evaluate the quality of these XAI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Joe Shymanski , Jacob Brue , Sandip Sen

Explainable AI is an emerging field providing solutions for acquiring insights into automated systems' rationale. It has been put on the AI map by suggesting ways to tackle key ethical and societal issues. Existing explanation techniques…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Ioannis Mollas , Nick Bassiliades , Grigorios Tsoumakas

An Artificially Intelligent system (an AI) has debatable personhood if it's epistemically possible either that the AI is a person or that it falls far short of personhood. Debatable personhood is a likely outcome of AI development and might…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Eric Schwitzgebel

With the recent proliferation of artificial intelligence systems, there has been a surge in the demand for explainability of these systems. Explanations help to reduce system opacity, support transparency, and increase stakeholder trust. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Umm-e-Habiba , Justus Bogner , Stefan Wagner

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly deployed in legal contexts, where their opacity raises significant challenges for fairness, accountability, and trust. The so-called ``black box problem'' undermines the legitimacy of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Andrada Iulia Prajescu , Roberto Confalonieri

Although artificial intelligence (AI) is solving real-world challenges and transforming industries, there are serious concerns about its ability to behave and make decisions in a responsible way. Many AI ethics principles and guidelines for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Qinghua Lu , Liming Zhu , Xiwei Xu , Jon Whittle , David Douglas , Conrad Sanderson

The debate on AI ethics largely focuses on technical improvements and stronger regulation to prevent accidents or misuse of AI, with solutions relying on holding individual actors accountable for responsible AI development. While useful and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Agnes Schim van der Loeff , Iggy Bassi , Sachin Kapila , Jevgenij Gamper

Despite its successes, to date Artificial Intelligence (AI) is still characterized by a number of shortcomings with regards to different application domains and goals. These limitations are arguably both conceptual (e.g., related to…

Recent work has discussed the limitations of counterfactual explanations to recommend actions for algorithmic recourse, and argued for the need of taking causal relationships between features into consideration. Unfortunately, in practice,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Amir-Hossein Karimi , Julius von Kügelgen , Bernhard Schölkopf , Isabel Valera

For an artificial intelligence (AI) to be aligned with human values (or human preferences), it must first learn those values. AI systems that are trained on human behavior, risk miscategorising human irrationalities as human values -- and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Rebecca Gorman , Stuart Armstrong

The recent enthusiasm for artificial intelligence (AI) is due principally to advances in deep learning. Deep learning methods are remarkably accurate, but also opaque, which limits their potential use in safety-critical applications. To…

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a ubiquitous concept in numerous domains, including the legal system. AI has the potential to revolutionize the functioning of the judiciary and the dispensation of justice. Incorporating AI into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Angel Mary John , Aiswarya M. U. , Jerrin Thomas Panachakel

This article provides a necessary corrective to the belief that current legal and political concepts and institutions are capable of holding to account the power of new AI technologies. Drawing on jurisprudential analysis, it argues that…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Scott Veitch

Legislation and public sentiment throughout the world have promoted fairness metrics, explainability, and interpretability as prescriptions for the responsible development of ethical artificial intelligence systems. Despite the importance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Erick Galinkin

The continued development of robots has enabled their wider usage in human surroundings. Robots are more trusted to make increasingly important decisions with potentially critical outcomes. Therefore, it is essential to consider the ethical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Benjamin Krarup , Felix Lindner , Senka Krivic , Derek Long

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most discussed technologies today. There are many innovative applications such as the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, customer experience, new business, education, contagious diseases…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Richard Benjamins , Idoia Salazar

Algorithmic recourse -- providing recommendations to those affected negatively by the outcome of an algorithmic system on how they can take action and change that outcome -- has gained attention as a means of giving persons agency in their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Andrew Bell , Joao Fonseca , Carlo Abrate , Francesco Bonchi , Julia Stoyanovich