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Related papers: How Do Large Language Models Acquire Factual Knowl…

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Large language models learn and continually learn through the accumulation of gradient-based updates, but how individual pieces of new information affect existing knowledge, leading to both beneficial generalization and problematic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Chen Sun , Renat Aksitov , Andrey Zhmoginov , Nolan Andrew Miller , Max Vladymyrov , Ulrich Rueckert , Been Kim , Mark Sandler

Rote learning is a memorization technique based on repetition. Many researchers argue that rote learning hinders generalization because it encourages verbatim memorization rather than deeper understanding. This concern extends even to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Qinyuan Wu , Soumi Das , Mahsa Amani , Bishwamittra Ghosh , Mohammad Aflah Khan , Krishna P. Gummadi , Muhammad Bilal Zafar

In order for large language model (LLM)-based assistants to effectively adapt to evolving information needs, it must be possible to update their factual knowledge through continued training on new data. The standard recipe for doing so…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zhengbao Jiang , Zhiqing Sun , Weijia Shi , Pedro Rodriguez , Chunting Zhou , Graham Neubig , Xi Victoria Lin , Wen-tau Yih , Srinivasan Iyer

The impressive capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have sparked debate over whether these models genuinely generalize to unseen tasks or predominantly rely on memorizing vast amounts of pretraining data. To explore this issue, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Xinyi Wang , Antonis Antoniades , Yanai Elazar , Alfonso Amayuelas , Alon Albalak , Kexun Zhang , William Yang Wang

This survey addresses the crucial issue of factuality in Large Language Models (LLMs). As LLMs find applications across diverse domains, the reliability and accuracy of their outputs become vital. We define the Factuality Issue as the…

Pre-trained language models (LMs) are used for knowledge intensive tasks like question answering, but their knowledge gets continuously outdated as the world changes. Prior work has studied targeted updates to LMs, injecting individual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Yasumasa Onoe , Michael J. Q. Zhang , Shankar Padmanabhan , Greg Durrett , Eunsol Choi

LLMs' sources of knowledge are data snapshots containing factual information about entities collected at different timestamps and from different media types (e.g. wikis, social media, etc.). Such unstructured knowledge is subject to change…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Seyed Mahed Mousavi , Simone Alghisi , Giuseppe Riccardi

This work presents a framework for assessing whether large language models (LLMs) encode more factual knowledge in their parameters than what they express in their outputs. While a few studies hint at this possibility, none has clearly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Zorik Gekhman , Eyal Ben David , Hadas Orgad , Eran Ofek , Yonatan Belinkov , Idan Szpektor , Jonathan Herzig , Roi Reichart

This paper investigates the logical reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). For a precisely defined yet tractable formulation, we choose the conceptually simple but technically complex task of constructing proofs in Boolean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Yuan Xia , Akanksha Atrey , Fadoua Khmaissia , Kedar S. Namjoshi

Language model pre-training has been shown to capture a surprising amount of world knowledge, crucial for NLP tasks such as question answering. However, this knowledge is stored implicitly in the parameters of a neural network, requiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Kelvin Guu , Kenton Lee , Zora Tung , Panupong Pasupat , Ming-Wei Chang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve remarkable empirical success through scaling model and data size, pretraining has become increasingly critical yet computationally prohibitive, hindering rapid development. Despite the availability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Ji Zhao , Yufei Gu , Shitong Shao , Xun Zhou , Liang Xiang , Zeke Xie

Large language models (LLMs) learn a vast amount of knowledge during pretraining, but they are often oblivious to the source(s) of such knowledge. We investigate the problem of intrinsic source citation, where LLMs are required to cite the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Muhammad Khalifa , David Wadden , Emma Strubell , Honglak Lee , Lu Wang , Iz Beltagy , Hao Peng

Large language models (LLMs) have been found to produce hallucinations when the question exceeds their internal knowledge boundaries. A reliable model should have a clear perception of its knowledge boundaries, providing correct answers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Shiyu Ni , Keping Bi , Lulu Yu , Jiafeng Guo

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit an intriguing ability to learn a novel task from in-context examples presented in a demonstration, termed in-context learning (ICL). Understandably, a swath of research has been dedicated to uncovering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Jiaoda Li , Yifan Hou , Mrinmaya Sachan , Ryan Cotterell

The training of modern large language models (LLMs) takes place in a regime where most training examples are seen only a few times by the model during the course of training. What does a model remember about such examples seen only a few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-31 A. Emin Orhan

Declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge are two key parts in meta-cognitive theory, and these two hold significant importance in pre-training and inference of LLMs. However, a comprehensive analysis comparing these two types of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Zhuoqun Li , Hongyu Lin , Yaojie Lu , Hao Xiang , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

Models of language trained on very large corpora have been demonstrated useful for NLP. As fixed artifacts, they have become the object of intense study, with many researchers "probing" the extent to which linguistic abstractions, factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Leo Z. Liu , Yizhong Wang , Jungo Kasai , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Noah A. Smith

How does scaling the number of parameters in large language models (LLMs) affect their core capabilities? We study two natural scaling techniques -- weight pruning and simply training a smaller or larger model, which we refer to as dense…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Tian Jin , Nolan Clement , Xin Dong , Vaishnavh Nagarajan , Michael Carbin , Jonathan Ragan-Kelley , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite

Large language models (LLMs) have learned vast amounts of factual knowledge through self-supervised pre-training on large-scale corpora. Meanwhile, LLMs have also demonstrated excellent multilingual capabilities, which can express the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Pengfei Cao , Yuheng Chen , Zhuoran Jin , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

In this work, we investigate how a model's tendency to broadly integrate its parametric knowledge evolves throughout pretraining, and how this behavior affects overall performance, particularly in terms of knowledge acquisition and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Jiyeon Kim , Hyunji Lee , Hyowon Cho , Joel Jang , Hyeonbin Hwang , Seungpil Won , Youbin Ahn , Dohaeng Lee , Minjoon Seo
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