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We describe a Question Answering (QA) dataset that contains complex questions with conditional answers, i.e. the answers are only applicable when certain conditions apply. We call this dataset ConditionalQA. In addition to conditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Haitian Sun , William W. Cohen , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Current biomedical question answering (QA) systems often assume that medical knowledge applies uniformly, yet real-world clinical reasoning is inherently conditional: nearly every decision depends on patient-specific factors such as…

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance in reasoning benchmarks with the emergence of Chain-of-Thought (CoT), particularly in multi-choice question (MCQ). However, current works equally resolve questions regardless of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Zijie Meng , Yan Zhang , Zhaopeng Feng , Zuozhu Liu

Utilizing large language models (LLMs) to rank a set of items has become a common approach in recommendation and retrieval systems. Typically, these systems focus on ordering a substantial number of documents in a monotonic order based on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Pouya Pezeshkpour , Estevam Hruschka

A fundamental trade-off between effectiveness and efficiency needs to be balanced when designing an online question answering system. Effectiveness comes from sophisticated functions such as extractive machine reading comprehension (MRC),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Ming Yan , Jiangnan Xia , Chen Wu , Bin Bi , Zhongzhou Zhao , Ji Zhang , Luo Si , Rui Wang , Wei Wang , Haiqing Chen

Conditional inference on joint textual and visual clues is a multi-modal reasoning task that textual clues provide prior permutation or external knowledge, which are complementary with visual content and pivotal to deducing the correct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Yunxin Li , Baotian Hu , Xinyu Chen , Yuxin Ding , Lin Ma , Min Zhang

LLMs have demonstrated impressive performance in answering medical questions, such as achieving passing scores on medical licensing examinations. However, medical board exams or general clinical questions do not capture the complexity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Hanjie Chen , Zhouxiang Fang , Yash Singla , Mark Dredze

To precisely evaluate a language model's capability for logical reading comprehension, we present a dataset for testing the understanding of the rationale behind critical reasoning. For questions taken from an existing multiplechoice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Akira Kawabata , Saku Sugawara

Document Visual Question Answering (VQA) aims to understand visually-rich documents to answer questions in natural language, which is an emerging research topic for both Natural Language Processing and Computer Vision. In this work, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Fengbin Zhu , Wenqiang Lei , Fuli Feng , Chao Wang , Haozhou Zhang , Tat-Seng Chua

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have showcased exceptional Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning ability in complex textual inference tasks including causal reasoning. However, will these causalities remain straightforward when crucial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Zhiyuan Li , Heng Wang , Dongnan Liu , Chaoyi Zhang , Ao Ma , Jieting Long , Weidong Cai

LLMs demonstrate performance comparable to human abilities in complex tasks such as mathematical reasoning, but their robustness in mathematical reasoning under minor input perturbations still lacks systematic investigation. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zhishen Sun , Guang Dai , Haishan Ye

Machine reading comprehension (MRC) requires reasoning about both the knowledge involved in a document and knowledge about the world. However, existing datasets are typically dominated by questions that can be well solved by context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Yibo Sun , Daya Guo , Duyu Tang , Nan Duan , Zhao Yan , Xiaocheng Feng , Bing Qin

The evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) on mathematical reasoning has largely focused on elementary problems, competition-style questions, or formal theorem proving, leaving graduate-level and computational mathematics relatively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Bianca Raimondi , Francesco Pivi , Davide Evangelista , Maurizio Gabbrielli

Recently, end-to-end trained models for multiple-choice commonsense question answering (QA) have delivered promising results. However, such question-answering systems cannot be directly applied in real-world scenarios where answer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Zhen Han , Yue Feng , Mingming Sun

We present a comprehensive evaluation of large language models(LLMs)' ability to reason about composition relations through a benchmark encompassing 1,500 test cases in English, designed to cover six distinct types of composition relations:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Jinman Zhao , Xueyan Zhang

Multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) becomes particularly challenging when all choices are relevant to the question and are semantically similar. Yet this setting of MCQA can potentially provide valuable clues for choosing the right…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Wenqing Deng , Zhe Wang , Kewen Wang , Shirui Pan , Xiaowang Zhang , Zhiyong Feng

Yes, repurposing multiple-choice question-answering (MCQA) models for document reranking is both feasible and valuable. This preliminary work is founded on mathematical parallels between MCQA decision-making and cross-encoder semantic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Jasper Kyle Catapang

Dealing with context dependent knowledge has led to different formalizations of the notion of context. Among them is the Contextualized Knowledge Repository (CKR) framework, which is rooted in description logics but links on the reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Loris Bozzato , Thomas Eiter , Rafael Kiesel

Questions involving commonsense reasoning about everyday situations often admit many $\textit{possible}$ or $\textit{plausible}$ answers. In contrast, multiple-choice question (MCQ) benchmarks for commonsense reasoning require a hard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Shramay Palta , Nishant Balepur , Peter Rankel , Sarah Wiegreffe , Marine Carpuat , Rachel Rudinger

Multi-document (MD) processing is crucial for LLMs to handle real-world tasks such as summarization and question-answering across large sets of documents. While LLMs have improved at processing long inputs, MD contexts still present unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Gabrielle Kaili-May Liu , Bowen Shi , Avi Caciularu , Idan Szpektor , Arman Cohan
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