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Annotated data plays a critical role in Natural Language Processing (NLP) in training models and evaluating their performance. Given recent developments in Large Language Models (LLMs), models such as ChatGPT demonstrate zero-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Minzhi Li , Taiwei Shi , Caleb Ziems , Min-Yen Kan , Nancy F. Chen , Zhengyuan Liu , Diyi Yang

Software with natural-language user interfaces has an ever-increasing importance. However, the quality of the included Question Answering (QA) functionality is still not sufficient regarding the number of questions that are answered…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Aleksandr Gashkov , Aleksandr Perevalov , Maria Eltsova , Andreas Both

This paper explores a novel method for enhancing binary classification models that assess code comment quality, leveraging Generative Artificial Intelligence to elevate model performance. By integrating 1,437 newly generated code-comment…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Seetharam Killivalavan , Durairaj Thenmozhi

Logical reasoning is a fundamental capability of large language models. However, existing studies often overlook the interaction between logical complexity and semantic complexity, leading to systems that struggle with abstract…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Yunyao Zhang , Xinglang Zhang , Junxi Sheng , Wenbing Li , Junqing Yu , Yi-Ping Phoebe Chen , Wei Yang , Zikai Song

Formal program verification is a longstanding goal in the field. We present the first quantitative comparison of the two primary compiler verification approaches, credible compilation/translation validation and full verification. Working…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Martin Rinard

Scientific Literature charts often contain complex visual elements, including multi-plot figures, flowcharts, structural diagrams and etc. Evaluating multimodal models using these authentic and intricate charts provides a more accurate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Lingdong Shen , Qigqi , Kun Ding , Gaofeng Meng , Shiming Xiang

Traditional quality assurance (QA) methods face significant challenges in addressing the complexity, scale, and rapid iteration cycles of modern software systems and are strained by limited resources available, leading to substantial costs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Ihor Pysmennyi , Roman Kyslyi , Kyrylo Kleshch

While LLMs have demonstrated remarkable potential in Question Answering (QA), evaluating personalization remains a critical bottleneck. Existing paradigms predominantly rely on lexical-level similarity or manual heuristics, often lacking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Hang Su , Zequn Liu , Chen Hu , Xuesong Lu , Yingce Xia , Zhen Liu

Most repository-level code translation and validation techniques have been evaluated on a single source-target programming language (PL) pair, owing to the complex engineering effort required to adapt new PL pairs. Programming agents can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ali Reza Ibrahimzada , Brandon Paulsen , Daniel Kroening , Reyhaneh Jabbarvand

Recently proposed long-form question answering (QA) systems, supported by large language models (LLMs), have shown promising capabilities. Yet, attributing and verifying their generated abstractive answers can be difficult, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Tal Schuster , Adam D. Lelkes , Haitian Sun , Jai Gupta , Jonathan Berant , William W. Cohen , Donald Metzler

Annotation and classification of legal text are central components of empirical legal research. Traditionally, these tasks are often delegated to trained research assistants. Motivated by the advances in language modeling, empirical legal…

Large Language Models have revolutionized code generation ability by converting natural language descriptions into executable code. However, generating complex code within real-world scenarios remains challenging due to intricate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Xinyi He , Jiaru Zou , Yun Lin , Mengyu Zhou , Shi Han , Zejian Yuan , Dongmei Zhang

On the way towards general Visual Question Answering (VQA) systems that are able to answer arbitrary questions, the need arises for evaluation beyond single-metric leaderboards for specific datasets. To this end, we propose a browser-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Dirk Väth , Pascal Tilli , Ngoc Thang Vu

Deep research requires reasoning over web evidence to answer open-ended questions, and it is a core capability for AI agents. Yet many deep research agents still rely on implicit, unstructured search behavior that causes redundant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Boer Zhang , Mingyan Wu , Dongzhuoran Zhou , Yuqicheng Zhu , Wendong Fan , Puzhen Zhang , Zifeng Ding , Guohao Li , Yuan He

Synthetic verification techniques such as generating test cases and reward modelling are common ways to enhance the coding capabilities of large language models (LLM) beyond predefined tests. Additionally, code verification has recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Aleksander Ficek , Somshubra Majumdar , Vahid Noroozi , Boris Ginsburg

Code completion, a key downstream task in code generation, is one of the most frequent and impactful methods for enhancing developer productivity in software development. As intelligent completion tools evolve, we need a robust evaluation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Zhenyu Pan , Rongyu Cao , Yongchang Cao , Yingwei Ma , Binhua Li , Fei Huang , Han Liu , Yongbin Li

As scientific knowledge grows at an unprecedented pace, evaluation benchmarks must evolve to reflect new discoveries and ensure language models are tested on current, diverse literature. We propose a scalable, modular framework for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Ozan Gokdemir , Neil Getty , Robert Underwood , Sandeep Madireddy , Franck Cappello , Arvind Ramanathan , Ian T. Foster , Rick L. Stevens

Software developers frequently issue generic natural language queries for code search while using code search engines (e.g., GitHub native search, Krugle). Such queries often do not lead to any relevant results due to vocabulary mismatch…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-07-25 Mohammad Masudur Rahman , Chanchal K. Roy

We introduce GQA, a new dataset for real-world visual reasoning and compositional question answering, seeking to address key shortcomings of previous VQA datasets. We have developed a strong and robust question engine that leverages scene…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-12 Drew A. Hudson , Christopher D. Manning

Learning analytics researchers often analyze qualitative student data such as coded annotations or interview transcripts to understand learning processes. With the rise of generative AI, fully automated and human-AI workflows have emerged…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Elham Tajik , Conrad Borchers , Bahar Shahrokhian , Sebastian Simon , Ali Keramati , Sonika Pal , Sreecharan Sankaranarayanan