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This paper introduces a Dual Evaluation Framework to comprehensively assess the multilingual capabilities of LLMs. By decomposing the evaluation along the dimensions of linguistic medium and cultural context, this framework enables a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jiahao Ying , Wei Tang , Yiran Zhao , Yixin Cao , Yu Rong , Wenxuan Zhang

Large-scale deployment of large language models (LLMs) in various applications, such as chatbots and virtual assistants, requires LLMs to be culturally sensitive to the user to ensure inclusivity. Culture has been widely studied in…

Research has shown that while large language models (LLMs) can generate their responses based on cultural context, they are not perfect and tend to generalize across cultures. However, when evaluating the cultural bias of a language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Vitthal Bhandari

The prevailing ``trivia-centered paradigm'' for evaluating the cultural alignment of large language models (LLMs) is increasingly inadequate as these models become more advanced and widely deployed. Existing approaches typically reduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Juhyun Oh , Inha Cha , Michael Saxon , Hyunseung Lim , Shaily Bhatt , Alice Oh

Cultural values vary significantly around the world. Despite a large heterogeneity, similarities across national cultures are present. This paper studies cross-country culture heterogeneity via the joint inference of country-specific copula…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-22 Veronica Vinciotti , Luca De Benedictis , Ernst C. Wit

Just as humans display language patterns influenced by their native tongue when speaking new languages, LLMs often default to English-centric responses even when generating in other languages. Nevertheless, we observe that local cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Veniamin Veselovsky , Berke Argin , Benedikt Stroebl , Chris Wendler , Robert West , James Evans , Thomas L. Griffiths , Arvind Narayanan

Although capable of generating creative text, Large Language Models (LLMs) are poor judges of what constitutes "creativity". In this work, we show that we can leverage this knowledge of how to write creatively in order to better judge what…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Matthew Lyle Olson , Neale Ratzlaff , Musashi Hinck , Shao-yen Tseng , Vasudev Lal

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities across various tasks, they exhibit significant performance discrepancies across languages. While prompting LLMs in English typically yields the highest general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Andrew Ivan Soegeng , Patrick Sutanto , Tan Sang Nguyen

In the field of natural language processing, the rapid development of large language model (LLM) has attracted more and more attention. LLMs have shown a high level of creativity in various tasks, but the methods for assessing such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yunpu Zhao , Rui Zhang , Wenyi Li , Di Huang , Jiaming Guo , Shaohui Peng , Yifan Hao , Yuanbo Wen , Xing Hu , Zidong Du , Qi Guo , Ling Li , Yunji Chen

Extensive evaluation on a large number of word embedding models for language processing applications is conducted in this work. First, we introduce popular word embedding models and discuss desired properties of word models and evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Bin Wang , Angela Wang , Fenxiao Chen , Yuncheng Wang , C. -C. Jay Kuo

Stories are key to transmitting values across cultures, but their interpretation varies across linguistic and cultural contexts. Thus, we introduce multilingual story moral generation as a novel culturally grounded evaluation task. Using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Sophie Wu , Andrew Piper

Evaluating the cultural awareness of large language models is crucial to ensure the fairness of generated text and the generalizability of applications across the world. Recent benchmarks explore cultural goods like food or values like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Christoph Leiter , Haiyue Song , Hour Kaing , Jin Tei , Hideki Tanaka , Masao Utiyama , Steffen Eger

LLMs are increasingly being deployed for multilingual applications and have demonstrated impressive translation capabilities between several low and high-resource languages. An aspect of translation that often gets overlooked is that of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Pushpdeep Singh , Mayur Patidar , Lovekesh Vig

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used across diverse cultural contexts, making accurate cultural understanding essential. Prior evaluations have mostly focused on output-level performance, obscuring the factors that drive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Seungho Cho , Changgeon Ko , Eui Jun Hwang , Junmyeong Lee , Huije Lee , Jong C. Park

Cultural awareness in language models is the capacity to understand and adapt to diverse cultural contexts. However, most existing approaches treat culture as static background knowledge, overlooking its dynamic and evolving nature. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Lingzhi Shen , Xiaohao Cai , Yunfei Long , Imran Razzak , Guanming Chen , Shoaib Jameel

Our ability to efficiently and accurately evaluate the quality of machine translation systems has been outrun by the effectiveness of current language models--which limits the potential for further improving these models on more challenging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Syeda Jannatus Saba , Steven Skiena

Researchers are using deep learning models to explore the emergence of language in various language games, where agents interact and develop an emergent language to solve tasks. We focus on the factors that determine the expressivity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Shangmin Guo , Yi Ren , Kory Mathewson , Simon Kirby , Stefano V. Albrecht , Kenny Smith

Language models (LMs) have exhibited impressive abilities in generating codes from natural language requirements. In this work, we highlight the diversity of code generated by LMs as a critical criterion for evaluating their code generation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Heejae Chon , Seonghyeon Lee , Jinyoung Yeo , Dongha Lee

Cultural biases in multilingual datasets pose significant challenges for their effectiveness as global benchmarks. These biases stem not only from differences in language but also from the cultural knowledge required to interpret questions,…

Despite the increasing use of large language models for creative tasks, their outputs often lack diversity. Common solutions, such as sampling at higher temperatures, can compromise the quality of the results. Dealing with this trade-off is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Giorgio Franceschelli , Mirco Musolesi