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Memorization in Large Language Models (LLMs) poses privacy and security risks, as models may unintentionally reproduce sensitive or copyrighted data. Existing analyses focus on average-case scenarios, often neglecting the highly skewed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Hao Li , Di Huang , Ziyu Wang , Amir M. Rahmani

Multilingual language model (LM) have become a powerful tool in NLP especially for non-English languages. Nevertheless, model parameters of multilingual LMs remain large due to the larger embedding matrix of the vocabulary covering tokens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Asahi Ushio , Yi Zhou , Jose Camacho-Collados

Despite the increasing prevalence of large language models (LLMs), we still have a limited understanding of how their representational spaces are structured. This limits our ability to interpret how and what they learn or relate them to…

Large Language Models (LLMs) demand significant computational resources, making it essential to enhance their capabilities without retraining from scratch. A key challenge in this domain is \textit{catastrophic forgetting} (CF), which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Haichao Wei , Yunxiang Ren , Zhoutong Fu , Aman Lunia , Yi-Lin Chen , Alice Leung , Ya Xu

The objective of digital forgetting is, given a model with undesirable knowledge or behavior, obtain a new model where the detected issues are no longer present. The motivations for forgetting include privacy protection, copyright…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Alberto Blanco-Justicia , Najeeb Jebreel , Benet Manzanares , David Sánchez , Josep Domingo-Ferrer , Guillem Collell , Kuan Eeik Tan

Large language models (LLMs) often struggle to provide up-to-date information due to their one-time training and the constantly evolving nature of the world. To keep LLMs current, existing approaches typically involve continued pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Xiaoying Zhang , Baolin Peng , Ye Tian , Jingyan Zhou , Yipeng Zhang , Haitao Mi , Helen Meng

Large Language Models (LLMs) display strikingly different generalization behaviors: supervised fine-tuning (SFT) often narrows capability, whereas reinforcement-learning (RL) tuning tends to preserve it. The reasons behind this divergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Haoyue Bai , Yiyou Sun , Wenjie Hu , Shi Qiu , Maggie Ziyu Huan , Peiyang Song , Robert Nowak , Dawn Song

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3, PaLM, and Llama has significantly transformed natural language processing, showcasing remarkable capabilities in understanding and generating language. However, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yifan Zhang

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) reveal a perplexing phenomenon in continual learning: despite extensive training, models experience significant performance declines, raising questions about task alignment and underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Junhao Zheng , Xidi Cai , Shengjie Qiu , Qianli Ma

Despite the huge progress in myriad generation tasks, pretrained language models (LMs) such as GPT2 still tend to generate repetitive texts with maximization-based decoding algorithms for open-ended generation. We attribute their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Jian Guan , Minlie Huang

Large language models (LLMs) acquire substantial world knowledge during pre-training, which is further shaped by post-training techniques such as supervised fine-tuning (SFT). However, the impact of SFT on a model's knowledge remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Junjie Ye , Yuming Yang , Yang Nan , Shuo Li , Qi Zhang , Tao Gui , Xuanjing Huang , Peng Wang , Zhongchao Shi , Jianping Fan

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive impact in the field of natural language processing, but they still struggle with several issues regarding, such as completeness, timeliness, faithfulness and adaptability. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Xintao Wang , Qianwen Yang , Yongting Qiu , Jiaqing Liang , Qianyu He , Zhouhong Gu , Yanghua Xiao , Wei Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as effective action policies for sequential decision-making (SDM) tasks due to their extensive prior knowledge. However, this broad yet general knowledge is often insufficient for specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Xue Yan , Zijing Ou , Mengyue Yang , Yan Song , Haifeng Zhang , Yingzhen Li , Jun Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results in natural language processing but are prone to memorizing portions of their training data, which can compromise evaluation metrics, raise privacy concerns, and limit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Eduardo Slonski

The vast number of parameters in large language models (LLMs) endows them with remarkable capabilities, allowing them to excel in a variety of natural language processing tasks. However, this complexity also presents challenges, making LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Mingzhe Du , Anh Tuan Luu , Bin Ji , See-kiong Ng

Knowledge tracing (KT), wherein students' problem-solving histories are used to estimate their current levels of knowledge, has attracted significant interest from researchers. However, most existing KT models were developed with an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Heeseok Jung , Jaesang Yoo , Yohaan Yoon , Yeonju Jang

Large Language Models (LMs) are known to encode world knowledge in their parameters as they pretrain on a vast amount of web corpus, which is often utilized for performing knowledge-dependent downstream tasks such as question answering,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Joel Jang , Seonghyeon Ye , Sohee Yang , Joongbo Shin , Janghoon Han , Gyeonghun Kim , Stanley Jungkyu Choi , Minjoon Seo

Large-scale pre-trained language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, the massive size of these models poses huge challenges for their deployment in real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Jiduan Liu , Jiahao Liu , Qifan Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Dongyan Zhao , Ran Lucien Wang , Rui Yan

This work analyses the text memorization behavior of large language models (LLMs) when subjected to nucleus sampling. Stochastic decoding methods like nucleus sampling are typically applied to overcome issues such as monotonous and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Luka Borec , Philipp Sadler , David Schlangen

Nowadays, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been gradually employed to solve complex tasks. To face the challenge, task decomposition has become an effective way, which proposes to divide a complex task into multiple simpler subtasks and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Yiliu Sun , Yanfang Zhang , Zicheng Zhao , Sheng Wan , Dacheng Tao , Chen Gong