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Large language models (LLMs) are systematically overconfident: they routinely express high certainty on questions they often answer incorrectly. Existing calibration methods either require labeled validation data, degrade under distribution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mohamed Rissal Hedna , Jan Strich , Martin Semmann , Chris Biemann

The development of robust safety benchmarks for large language models requires open, reproducible datasets that can measure both appropriate refusal of harmful content and potential over-restriction of legitimate scientific discourse. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-12 David Noever , Forrest McKee

Refusal behavior in large language models (LLMs) enables them to decline responding to harmful, unethical, or inappropriate prompts, ensuring alignment with ethical standards. This paper investigates refusal behavior across six LLMs from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Fabian Hildebrandt , Andreas Maier , Patrick Krauss , Achim Schilling

In the realm of large language model (LLM), as the size of large models increases, it also brings higher training costs. There is a urgent need to minimize the data size in LLM training. Compared with data selection method, the data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Rong Yao , Hailin Hu , Yifei Fu , Hanting Chen , Wenyi Fang , Fanyi Du , Kai Han , Yunhe Wang

Many publicly available language models have been safety tuned to reduce the likelihood of toxic or liability-inducing text. To redteam or jailbreak these models for compliance with toxic requests, users and security analysts have developed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-02 T. Ben Thompson , Michael Sklar

General purpose Large Language Models (LLM) such as the Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) and Large Language Model Meta AI (LLaMA) have attracted much attention in recent years. There is strong evidence that these models can perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Hossein Salami , Brandye Smith-Goettler , Vijay Yadav

Recent research has explored distilling knowledge from large language models (LLMs) to optimize retriever models, especially within the retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) framework. However, most existing training methods rely on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Zizhong Li , Haopeng Zhang , Jiawei Zhang

Backdoor Attacks have been a serious vulnerability against Large Language Models (LLMs). However, previous methods only reveal such risk in specific models, or present tasks transferability after attacking the pre-trained phase. So, how…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Pengzhou Cheng , Zongru Wu , Tianjie Ju , Wei Du , Zhuosheng Zhang Gongshen Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have become mainstream technology with their versatile use cases and impressive performance. Despite the countless out-of-the-box applications, LLMs are still not reliable. A lot of work is being done to improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Aisha Khatun , Daniel G. Brown

As the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) becomes more widespread, understanding their self-evaluation of confidence in generated responses becomes increasingly important as it is integral to the reliability of the output of these models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Abhishek Kumar , Robert Morabito , Sanzhar Umbet , Jad Kabbara , Ali Emami

Public LLMs such as the Llama 2-Chat underwent alignment training and were considered safe. Recently Qi et al. [2024] reported that even benign fine-tuning on seemingly safe datasets can give rise to unsafe behaviors in the models. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Kaifeng Lyu , Haoyu Zhao , Xinran Gu , Dingli Yu , Anirudh Goyal , Sanjeev Arora

Safety alignment mechanisms in large language models prevent responses to harmful queries through learned refusal behavior, yet these same mechanisms impede legitimate research applications including cognitive modeling, adversarial testing,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Richard J. Young

The drastic increase of large language models' (LLMs) parameters has led to a new research direction of fine-tuning-free downstream customization by prompts, i.e., task descriptions. While these prompt-based services (e.g. OpenAI's GPTs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Zi Liang , Haibo Hu , Qingqing Ye , Yaxin Xiao , Haoyang Li

Despite efforts to align large language models (LLMs) with human intentions, widely-used LLMs such as GPT, Llama, and Claude are susceptible to jailbreaking attacks, wherein an adversary fools a targeted LLM into generating objectionable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Alexander Robey , Eric Wong , Hamed Hassani , George J. Pappas

Safety fine-tuning helps align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences for their safe deployment. To better understand the underlying factors that make models safe via safety fine-tuning, we design a synthetic data generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Samyak Jain , Ekdeep Singh Lubana , Kemal Oksuz , Tom Joy , Philip H. S. Torr , Amartya Sanyal , Puneet K. Dokania

In an era where large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into a wide range of everyday applications, research into these models' behavior has surged. However, due to the novelty of the field, clear methodological guidelines…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Laurène Vaugrante , Mathias Niepert , Thilo Hagendorff

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized conversational AI, yet their robustness in extended multi-turn dialogues remains poorly understood. Existing evaluation frameworks focus on static benchmarks and single-turn assessments,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yubo Li , Ramayya Krishnan , Rema Padman

Federated learning (FL) for large language models (LLMs) offers a privacy-preserving scheme, enabling clients to collaboratively fine-tune locally deployed LLMs or smaller language models (SLMs) without exchanging raw data. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Xinlu Zhang , Na Yan , Yang Su , Yansha Deng , Toktam Mahmoodi

This study proposes a knowledge distillation algorithm based on large language models and feature alignment, aiming to effectively transfer the knowledge of large pre-trained models into lightweight student models, thereby reducing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Shuo Wang , Chihang Wang , Jia Gao , Zhen Qi , Hongye Zheng , Xiaoxuan Liao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in reasoning, demonstrating their capability to generate human-like responses. This study analyzes the problem-solving capabilities of LLMs in the domain of thermodynamics. A…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Rebecca Loubet , Pascal Zittlau , Luisa Vollmer , Marco Hoffmann , Sophie Fellenz , Fabian Jirasek , Heike Leitte , Hans Hasse