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Language models can be prompted to perform a wide variety of zero- and few-shot learning problems. However, performance varies significantly with the choice of prompt, and we do not yet understand why this happens or how to pick the best…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Hila Gonen , Srini Iyer , Terra Blevins , Noah A. Smith , Luke Zettlemoyer

Continual learning aims to refine model parameters for new tasks while retaining knowledge from previous tasks. Recently, prompt-based learning has emerged to leverage pre-trained models to be prompted to learn subsequent tasks without the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jisu Han , Jaemin Na , Wonjun Hwang

Large Language Models (LLMs) changed the way we design and interact with software systems. Their ability to process and extract information from text has drastically improved productivity in a number of routine tasks. Developers that want…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Federico Errica , Giuseppe Siracusano , Davide Sanvito , Roberto Bifulco

Recent research shows that pre-trained language models (PLMs) suffer from "prompt bias" in factual knowledge extraction, i.e., prompts tend to introduce biases toward specific labels. Prompt bias presents a significant challenge in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Ziyang Xu , Keqin Peng , Liang Ding , Dacheng Tao , Xiliang Lu

Recent advances have shown that optimizing prompts for Large Language Models (LLMs) can significantly improve task performance, yet many optimization techniques rely on heuristics or manual exploration. We present LatentPrompt, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Mateusz Bystroński , Grzegorz Piotrowski , Nitesh V. Chawla , Tomasz Kajdanowicz

In this paper, we present our finding that prepending a Task-Agnostic Prefix Prompt (TAPP) to the input improves the instruction-following ability of various Large Language Models (LLMs) during inference. TAPP is different from canonical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Seonghyeon Ye , Hyeonbin Hwang , Sohee Yang , Hyeongu Yun , Yireun Kim , Minjoon Seo

With growing capabilities of large language models, prompting them has become the dominant way to access them. This has motivated the development of strategies for automatically selecting effective language prompts. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Lingfeng Shen , Weiting Tan , Boyuan Zheng , Daniel Khashabi

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform best with well-crafted prompts, yet prompt engineering remains manual, inconsistent, and inaccessible to non-experts. We introduce Promptomatix, an automatic prompt optimization framework that transforms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Rithesh Murthy , Ming Zhu , Liangwei Yang , Jielin Qiu , Juntao Tan , Shelby Heinecke , Caiming Xiong , Silvio Savarese , Huan Wang

Prompting with natural language instructions has recently emerged as a popular method of harnessing the capabilities of large language models. Given the inherent ambiguity present in natural language, it is intuitive to consider the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Mayank Mishra , Prince Kumar , Riyaz Bhat , Rudra Murthy , Danish Contractor , Srikanth Tamilselvam

Although Perplexity is a widely used performance metric for language models, the values are highly dependent upon the number of words in the corpus and is useful to compare performance of the same corpus only. In this paper, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-30 Jihyeon Roh , Sang-Hoon Oh , Soo-Young Lee

We introduce meta-prompting, an effective scaffolding technique designed to enhance the functionality of language models (LMs). This approach transforms a single LM into a multi-faceted conductor, adept at managing and integrating multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Mirac Suzgun , Adam Tauman Kalai

The latest generation of LLMs can be prompted to achieve impressive zero-shot or few-shot performance in many NLP tasks. However, since performance is highly sensitive to the choice of prompts, considerable effort has been devoted to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Alina Leidinger , Robert van Rooij , Ekaterina Shutova

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities, with optimizing their input prompts playing a pivotal role in maximizing their performance. However, while LLM prompts consist of both the task-agnostic system prompts and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Yumin Choi , Jinheon Baek , Sung Ju Hwang

Autocomplete is a task where the user inputs a piece of text, termed prompt, which is conditioned by the model to generate semantically coherent continuation. Existing works for this task have primarily focused on datasets (e.g., email,…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exceptional abilities for multiple different natural language processing tasks. While prompting is a crucial tool for LLM inference, we observe that there is a significant cost associated with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Muhammad Asif Ali , Zhengping Li , Shu Yang , Keyuan Cheng , Yang Cao , Tianhao Huang , Guimin Hu , Weimin Lyu , Lijie Hu , Lu Yu , Di Wang

Recently, object counting has shifted towards class-agnostic counting (CAC), which counts instances of arbitrary object classes never seen during model training. With advancements in robust vision-and-language foundation models, there is a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Luca Ciampi , Nicola Messina , Matteo Pierucci , Giuseppe Amato , Marco Avvenuti , Fabrizio Falchi

Language models have recently achieved strong performance across a wide range of NLP benchmarks. However, unlike benchmarks, real world tasks are often poorly specified, and agents must deduce the user's intended behavior from a combination…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Alex Tamkin , Kunal Handa , Avash Shrestha , Noah Goodman

In-context learning (ICL) has become one of the most popular learning paradigms. While there is a growing body of literature focusing on prompt engineering, there is a lack of systematic analysis comparing the effects of prompts across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Sheng Lu , Hendrik Schuff , Iryna Gurevych

Large language models have demonstrated surprising ability to perform in-context learning, i.e., these models can be directly applied to solve numerous downstream tasks by conditioning on a prompt constructed by a few input-output examples.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Huan Ma , Changqing Zhang , Yatao Bian , Lemao Liu , Zhirui Zhang , Peilin Zhao , Shu Zhang , Huazhu Fu , Qinghua Hu , Bingzhe Wu

Prompt underspecification is a common challenge when interacting with LLMs. In this paper, we present an in-depth analysis of this problem, showing that while LLMs can often infer unspecified requirements by default (41.1%), such behavior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Chenyang Yang , Yike Shi , Qianou Ma , Michael Xieyang Liu , Christian Kästner , Tongshuang Wu
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