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Transformer models have been widely adopted in various domains over the last years, and especially large language models have advanced the field of AI significantly. Due to their size, the capability of these networks has increased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Yelysei Bondarenko , Markus Nagel , Tijmen Blankevoort

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) enhances the efficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) by enabling faster operation and compatibility with more accessible hardware through reduced memory usage, at the cost of small performance drops. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Davide Paglieri , Saurabh Dash , Tim Rocktäschel , Jack Parker-Holder

Post-training quantization~(PTQ) of transformer language models faces significant challenges due to the existence of detrimental outliers in activations. We observe that these outliers are concentrated in specific channels and are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Xiuying Wei , Yunchen Zhang , Yuhang Li , Xiangguo Zhang , Ruihao Gong , Jinyang Guo , Xianglong Liu

We consider the problem of accurate quantization for language models, where both the weights and activations are uniformly quantized to 4 bits per parameter, the lowest bitwidth format natively supported by GPU hardware. In this context,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Aniruddha Nrusimha , Mayank Mishra , Naigang Wang , Dan Alistarh , Rameswar Panda , Yoon Kim

Transformer architecture has become the fundamental element of the widespread natural language processing~(NLP) models. With the trends of large NLP models, the increasing memory and computation costs hinder their efficient deployment on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Xiuying Wei , Yunchen Zhang , Xiangguo Zhang , Ruihao Gong , Shanghang Zhang , Qi Zhang , Fengwei Yu , Xianglong Liu

With the growing size of large language models, the role of quantization becomes increasingly significant. However, outliers present in weights or activations notably influence the performance of quantized models. Recently,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Baohao Liao , Christof Monz

Transformer-based models have gained widespread popularity in both the computer vision (CV) and natural language processing (NLP) fields. However, significant challenges arise during post-training linear quantization, leading to noticeable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jiun-Man Chen , Yu-Hsuan Chao , Yu-Jie Wang , Ming-Der Shieh , Chih-Chung Hsu , Wei-Fen Lin

Quantizing the activations of large language models (LLMs) has been a significant challenge due to the presence of structured outliers. Most existing methods focus on the per-token or per-tensor quantization of activations, making it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Jinguang Wang , Yuexi Yin , Haifeng Sun , Qi Qi , Jingyu Wang , Zirui Zhuang , Tingting Yang , Jianxin Liao

We investigate the functional role of emergent outliers in large language models, specifically attention sinks (a few tokens that consistently receive large attention logits) and residual sinks (a few fixed dimensions with persistently…

Quantization techniques, including quantization-aware training (QAT) and post-training quantization (PTQ), have become essential for inference acceleration of image super-resolution (SR) networks. Compared to QAT, PTQ has garnered…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Hailing Wang , jianglin Lu , Yitian Zhang , Yun Fu

Investigating outliers in large language models (LLMs) is crucial due to their significant impact on various aspects of LLM performance, including quantization and compression. Outliers often cause considerable quantization errors, leading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Rahul Raman , Khushi Sharma , Sai Qian Zhang

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) compresses large language models to low bit-widths using a small calibration set, and its quality depends strongly on which samples are chosen. We identify a failure mode in which calibration samples fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ibne Farabi Shihab , Sanjeda Akter , Anuj Sharma

Transformer-based architectures have become the de-facto standard models for a wide range of Natural Language Processing tasks. However, their memory footprint and high latency are prohibitive for efficient deployment and inference on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Yelysei Bondarenko , Markus Nagel , Tijmen Blankevoort

Despite recent advances in LLM quantization, activation quantization remains to be challenging due to the activation outliers. Conventional remedies, e.g., mixing precisions for different channels, introduce extra overhead and reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Seungwoo Son , Wonpyo Park , Woohyun Han , Kyuyeun Kim , Jaeho Lee

The presence of outliers in Large Language Models (LLMs) weights and activations makes them difficult to quantize. Recent work has leveraged rotations to mitigate these outliers. In this work, we propose methods that learn fusible rotations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Advait Gadhikar , Riccardo Grazzi , James Hensman

Large speech recognition models like Whisper-small achieve high accuracy but are difficult to deploy on edge devices due to their high computational demand. To this end, we present a unified, cross-library evaluation of post-training…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-22 Arthur Söhler , Julian Irigoyen , Andreas Søeborg Kirkedal

Outliers have been widely observed in Large Language Models (LLMs), significantly impacting model performance and posing challenges for model compression. Understanding the functionality and formation mechanisms of these outliers is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Yongqi An , Xu Zhao , Tao Yu , Ming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

Post-training quantization has emerged as a widely adopted technique for compressing and accelerating the inference of Large Language Models (LLMs). The primary challenges in LLMs quantization stem from activation outliers, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Xiusheng Huang , Zhe Li , Xuanwu Yin , Lu Wang , Yequan Wang , Dong Li , Emad Barsoum , Kang Liu

Modern recurrent layers are emerging as a promising path toward edge deployment of foundation models, especially in the context of large language models (LLMs). Compressing the whole input sequence in a finite-dimensional representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Alessandro Pierro , Steven Abreu

We investigate the effects of post-training quantization and quantization-aware training on the generalization of Transformer language models. We present a new method called self-distilled quantization (SDQ) that minimizes accumulative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 James O' Neill , Sourav Dutta
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