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The availability of labelled data is one of the main limitations in machine learning. We can alleviate this using weak supervision: a framework that uses expert-defined rules $\boldsymbol{\lambda}$ to estimate probabilistic labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Samantha Biegel , Rafah El-Khatib , Luiz Otavio Vilas Boas Oliveira , Max Baak , Nanne Aben

Creating labeled training sets has become one of the major roadblocks in machine learning. To address this, recent \emph{Weak Supervision (WS)} frameworks synthesize training labels from multiple potentially noisy supervision sources.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Jieyu Zhang , Bohan Wang , Xiangchen Song , Yujing Wang , Yaming Yang , Jing Bai , Alexander Ratner

Unlike fully supervised semantic segmentation, weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) relies on weaker forms of supervision to perform dense prediction tasks. Among the various types of weak supervision, WSSS with image level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Zheyuan Zhang , Wang Zhang

Motivated by the desire to generate labels for real-time data we develop a method to estimate the dependency structure and accuracy of weak supervision sources incrementally. Our method first estimates the dependency structure associated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Richard Gresham Correro

In this paper, we introduce a novel learning scheme named weakly semi-supervised instance segmentation (WSSIS) with point labels for budget-efficient and high-performance instance segmentation. Namely, we consider a dataset setting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Beomyoung Kim , Joonhyun Jeong , Dongyoon Han , Sung Ju Hwang

3D weakly supervised semantic segmentation (3D WSSS) aims to achieve semantic segmentation by leveraging sparse or low-cost annotated data, significantly reducing reliance on dense point-wise annotations. Previous works mainly employ class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Xiaoxu Xu , Xuexun Liu , Jinlong Li , Yitian Yuan , Qiudan Zhang , Lin Ma , Nicu Sebe , Xu Wang

Increasing attention is being diverted to data-efficient problem settings like Open Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation (OVSS) which deals with segmenting an arbitrary object that may or may not be seen during training. The closest standard…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Prashant Pandey , Mustafa Chasmai , Monish Natarajan , Brejesh Lall

Weak supervision (WS) is a popular approach for label-efficient learning, leveraging diverse sources of noisy but inexpensive weak labels to automatically annotate training data. Despite its wide usage, WS and its practical value are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Tianyi Zhang , Linrong Cai , Jeffrey Li , Nicholas Roberts , Neel Guha , Jinoh Lee , Frederic Sala

Weak supervision is a popular framework for overcoming the labeled data bottleneck: the need to obtain labels for training data. In weak supervision, multiple noisy-but-cheap sources are used to provide guesses of the label and are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Tzu-Heng Huang , Catherine Cao , Spencer Schoenberg , Harit Vishwakarma , Nicholas Roberts , Frederic Sala

Frame-level micro- and macro-expression spotting methods require time-consuming frame-by-frame observation during annotation. Meanwhile, video-level spotting lacks sufficient information about the location and number of expressions during…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Wang-Wang Yu , Xian-Shi Zhang , Fu-Ya Luo , Yijun Cao , Kai-Fu Yang , Hong-Mei Yan , Yong-Jie Li

Weak supervision (WS) is a powerful method to build labeled datasets for training supervised models in the face of little-to-no labeled data. It replaces hand-labeling data with aggregating multiple noisy-but-cheap label estimates expressed…

In practical machine learning applications, it is often challenging to assign accurate labels to data, and increasing the number of labeled instances is often limited. In such cases, Weakly Supervised Learning (WSL), which enables training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Tomoya Tate , Kosuke Sugiyama , Masato Uchida

Weakly supervised anomaly detection (WSAD) has developed in three primary directions: incomplete, inexact, and inaccurate supervision. However, these directions remain isolated, lacking a unified framework to assess whether they address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xu Yao , Siyuan Zhou , Zhenbo Wu , Chaochuan Hou , Shuang Liang , Shiping Wang , Hailiang Huang , Songqiao Han , Minqi Jiang

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) are giga-pixel in scale and are typically partitioned into small instances in WSI classification pipelines for computational feasibility. However, obtaining extensive instance level annotations is costly, making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Jayanie Bogahawatte , Sachith Seneviratne , Saman Halgamuge

Weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) aims to produce pixel-wise class predictions with only image-level labels for training. To this end, previous methods adopt the common pipeline: they generate pseudo masks from class activation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Sungpil Kho , Pilhyeon Lee , Wonyoung Lee , Minsong Ki , Hyeran Byun

Weak Supervision (WS) techniques allow users to efficiently create large training datasets by programmatically labeling data with heuristic sources of supervision. While the success of WS relies heavily on the provided labeling heuristics,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Cheng-Yu Hsieh , Jieyu Zhang , Alexander Ratner

While the estimation of what sound sources are, when they occur, and from where they originate has been well-studied, the estimation of how loud these sound sources are has been often overlooked. Current solutions to this task, which we…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-02 Aurora Cramer , Mark Cartwright , Fatemeh Pishdadian , Juan Pablo Bello

Obtaining annotations for large training sets is expensive, especially in settings where domain knowledge is required, such as behavior analysis. Weak supervision has been studied to reduce annotation costs by using weak labels from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Albert Tseng , Jennifer J. Sun , Yisong Yue

Developing modern machine learning (ML) applications is data-centric, of which one fundamental challenge is to understand the influence of data quality to ML training -- "Which training examples are 'guilty' in making the trained ML model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-28 Bojan Karlaš , David Dao , Matteo Interlandi , Bo Li , Sebastian Schelter , Wentao Wu , Ce Zhang

Programmatic weak supervision (PWS) significantly reduces human effort for labeling data by combining the outputs of user-provided labeling functions (LFs) on unlabeled datapoints. However, the quality of the generated labels depends…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chenjie Li , Amir Gilad , Boris Glavic , Zhengjie Miao , Sudeepa Roy