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Humans spend a remarkable fraction of waking life engaged in acts of "mental time travel". We dwell on our actions in the past and experience satisfaction or regret. More than merely autobiographical storytelling, we use these event…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-24 Chia-Chun Hung , Timothy Lillicrap , Josh Abramson , Yan Wu , Mehdi Mirza , Federico Carnevale , Arun Ahuja , Greg Wayne

Large language models (LLMs) like GPTs, trained on vast datasets, have demonstrated impressive capabilities in language understanding, reasoning, and planning, achieving human-level performance in various tasks. Most studies focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Xun Jiang , Feng Li , Han Zhao , Jiahao Qiu , Jiaying Wang , Jun Shao , Shihao Xu , Shu Zhang , Weiling Chen , Xavier Tang , Yize Chen , Mengyue Wu , Weizhi Ma , Mengdi Wang , Tianqiao Chen

This paper is concerned with the training of recurrent neural networks as goal-oriented dialog agents using reinforcement learning. Training such agents with policy gradients typically requires a large amount of samples. However, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Rui Zhao , Volker Tresp

Learning an efficient manager of dialogue agent from data with little manual intervention is important, especially for goal-oriented dialogues. However, existing methods either take too many manual efforts (e.g. reinforcement learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-16 Zhuoxuan Jiang , Xian-Ling Mao , Ziming Huang , Jie Ma , Shaochun Li

Recent advances in large language models have demonstrated strong reasoning and role-playing capabilities, opening new opportunities for agent-based social simulations. However, most existing agents' implementations are scenario-tailored,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yuwei Yan , Jinghua Piao , Xiaochong Lan , Chenyang Shao , Pan Hui , Yong Li

Table-based question answering requires complex reasoning capabilities that current LLMs struggle to achieve with single-pass inference. Existing approaches, such as Chain-of-Thought reasoning and question decomposition, lack error…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ye Bai , Minghan Wang , Thuy-Trang Vu

Research on large language model (LLM) security is shifting from "will the model leak training data" to a more consequential question: can an agent with persistent, long-term memory be continuously shaped, cross-session poisoned, accessed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zehao Lin , Chunyu Li , Kai Chen

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled conversational AI agents to engage in extended multi-turn interactions spanning weeks or months. However, existing memory systems struggle to reason over temporally grounded facts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Sahil Sen , Elias Lumer , Anmol Gulati , Vamse Kumar Subbiah

We introduce a dialogue policy based on a transformer architecture, where the self-attention mechanism operates over the sequence of dialogue turns. Recent work has used hierarchical recurrent neural networks to encode multiple utterances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Vladimir Vlasov , Johannes E. M. Mosig , Alan Nichol

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has inspired the development of LLM-based agents capable of addressing complex, real-world tasks. However, these agents often struggle during task execution due to methodological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Yaoxiang Wang , Zhiyong Wu , Junfeng Yao , Jinsong Su

In this paper we describe the requirements and early system design for a smart conversational agent that can assist older adults in the reminiscence process. The practice of reminiscence has well documented benefits for the mental, social…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-04-19 Svetlana Nikitina , Sara Callaioli , Marcos Baez

Providing dialogue agents with a profile representation can improve their consistency and coherence, leading to better conversations. However, current profile-based dialogue datasets for training such agents contain either explicit profile…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Daniela Occhipinti , Serra Sinem Tekiroglu , Marco Guerini

Reinforcement learning agents often forget details of the past, especially after delays or distractor tasks. Agents with common memory architectures struggle to recall and integrate across multiple timesteps of a past event, or even to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Andrew Kyle Lampinen , Stephanie C. Y. Chan , Andrea Banino , Felix Hill

Proactive agents that anticipate user intentions without explicit prompts represent a significant evolution in human-AI interaction, promising to reduce cognitive load and streamline workflows. However, existing datasets suffer from two…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yuanbo Tang , Huaze Tang , Tingyu Cao , Lam Nguyen , Anping Zhang , Xinwen Cao , Chunkang Liu , Wenbo Ding , Yang Li

The development of AI agents based on large, open-domain language models (LLMs) has paved the way for the development of general-purpose AI assistants that can support human in tasks such as writing, coding, graphic design, and scientific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Mustafa Mert Çelikok , Saptarashmi Bandyopadhyay , Robert Loftin

Multi-agent reinforcement learning has been used as an effective means to study emergent communication between agents, yet little focus has been given to continuous acoustic communication. This would be more akin to human language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Kevin Eloff , Okko Räsänen , Herman A. Engelbrecht , Arnu Pretorius , Herman Kamper

Memory data are ubiquitous in Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents (e.g., OpenClaw and Manus). A few recent works have attempted to exploit agents'memory for improving their performance on the question-answering (QA) task, but they lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jiawei Yu , Yixiang Fang , Xilin Liu , Yuchi Ma

Memory is fundamental to large language model (LLM)-based agents, but existing surveys emphasize application-level use (e.g., personalized dialogue), while overlooking the atomic operations governing memory dynamics. This work categorizes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Yiming Du , Wenyu Huang , Danna Zheng , Zhaowei Wang , Sebastien Montella , Mirella Lapata , Kam-Fai Wong , Jeff Z. Pan

Existing evaluations of agents with memory typically assess memorization and action in isolation. One class of benchmarks evaluates memorization by testing recall of past conversations or text but fails to capture how memory is used to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Zexue He , Yu Wang , Churan Zhi , Yuanzhe Hu , Tzu-Ping Chen , Lang Yin , Ze Chen , Tong Arthur Wu , Siru Ouyang , Zihan Wang , Jiaxin Pei , Julian McAuley , Yejin Choi , Alex Pentland

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as autonomous agents in complex, long-horizon applications, where effective memory is critical for sustained performance. Yet existing memory benchmarks are largely dialogue-centric, while…