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Attribution methods have been developed to explain the decision of a machine learning model on a given input. We use the Integrated Gradient method for finding attributions to define the causal neighborhood of an input by incrementally…

Efforts to decode deep neural networks (DNNs) often involve mapping their predictions back to the input features. Among these methods, Integrated Gradients (IG) has emerged as a significant technique. The selection of appropriate baselines…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Shuyang Liu , Zixuan Chen , Ge Shi , Ji Wang , Changjie Fan , Yu Xiong , Runze Wu Yujing Hu , Ze Ji , Yang Gao

We introduce Iterated Integrated Attributions (IIA) - a generic method for explaining the predictions of vision models. IIA employs iterative integration across the input image, the internal representations generated by the model, and their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Oren Barkan , Yehonatan Elisha , Yuval Asher , Amit Eshel , Noam Koenigstein

The explainability of deep learning models remains a significant challenge, particularly in the medical domain where interpretable outputs are essential for clinical trust and transparency. Path attribution methods such as Integrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Alexander Geiger , Lars Wagner , Daniel Rueckert , Dirk Wilhelm , Alissa Jell

Research in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is increasing, aiming to make deep learning models more transparent. Most XAI methods focus on justifying the decisions made by Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems in security-relevant…

Reinforcement learning has emerged as an effective paradigm for training large language models to perform search-augmented reasoning. However, existing approaches rely on trajectory-level rewards that cannot distinguish precise search…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Zihan Liang , Yufei Ma , Ben Chen , Zhipeng Qian , Huangyu Dai , Lingtao Mao , Xuxin Zhang , Chenyi Lei , Wenwu Ou

Integrated gradients are widely employed to evaluate the contribution of input features in classification models because it satisfies the axioms for attribution of prediction. This method, however, requires an appropriate baseline for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Kazuki Tachikawa , Yuji Kawai , Jihoon Park , Minoru Asada

Attribution methods calculate attributions that visually explain the predictions of deep neural networks (DNNs) by highlighting important parts of the input features. In particular, gradient-based attribution (GBA) methods are widely used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Jae-Hong Lee , Joon-Hyuk Chang

Widespread adoption of deep models has motivated a pressing need for approaches to interpret network outputs and to facilitate model debugging. Instance attribution methods constitute one means of accomplishing these goals by retrieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Pouya Pezeshkpour , Sarthak Jain , Byron C. Wallace , Sameer Singh

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been successful in modeling graph-structured data. However, similar to other machine learning models, GNNs can exhibit bias in predictions based on attributes like race and gender. Moreover, bias in GNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Zengyi Wo , Chang Liu , Yumeng Wang , Minglai Shao , Wenjun Wang

Explainable AI (XAI) is an increasingly important area of machine learning research, which aims to make black-box models transparent and interpretable. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to XAI that uses the so-called counterfactual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Bastian Pfeifer , Mateusz Krzyzinski , Hubert Baniecki , Anna Saranti , Andreas Holzinger , Przemyslaw Biecek

As AI generative models evolve at unprecedented speed, image attribution has become a moving target. New diffusion, adversarial and autoregressive generators appear almost monthly, making existing watermark, classifier and inversion methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Haotian Qin , Dongliang Chang , Yueying Gao , Yuexuan Tan , Lei Chen , Zhanyu Ma

Recent advances in reasoning-induced image quality assessment (IQA) have demonstrated the power of reinforcement learning to rank (RL2R) for training vision-language models (VLMs) to assess perceptual quality. However, existing approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiangyong Chen , Xiaochuan Lin , Haoran Liu , Xuan Li , Yichen Su , Xiangwei Guo

Integrated Gradients as an attribution method for deep neural network models offers simple implementability. However, it suffers from noisiness of explanations which affects the ease of interpretability. The SmoothGrad technique is proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Gary S. W. Goh , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Leander Weber , Wojciech Samek , Alexander Binder

Integrating high-level context information with low-level details is of central importance in semantic segmentation. Towards this end, most existing segmentation models apply bilinear up-sampling and convolutions to feature maps of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Hanzhe Hu , Yinbo Chen , Jiarui Xu , Shubhankar Borse , Hong Cai , Fatih Porikli , Xiaolong Wang

Large-scale diffusion models have made significant advances in image generation, particularly through cross-attention mechanisms. While cross-attention has been well-studied in text-to-image tasks, their interpretability in image-to-image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Junseo Park , Hyeryung Jang

Interpretability methods for deep neural networks mainly focus on the sensitivity of the class score with respect to the original or perturbed input, usually measured using actual or modified gradients. Some methods also use a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Md Mahfuzur Rahman , Noah Lewis , Sergey Plis

Attribution maps are one of the most established tools to explain the functioning of computer vision models. They assign importance scores to input features, indicating how relevant each feature is for the prediction of a deep neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Robin Hesse , Simone Schaub-Meyer , Stefan Roth

Fairness in machine learning research has largely focused on outcome-oriented fairness criteria such as Equalized Odds, while comparatively less attention has been given to procedural-oriented fairness, which addresses how a model arrives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Gideon Popoola , John Sheppard

AI-Generated Images (AGIs) have inherent multimodal nature. Unlike traditional image quality assessment (IQA) on natural scenarios, AGIs quality assessment (AGIQA) takes the correspondence of image and its textual prompt into consideration.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Bowen Qu , Haohui Li , Wei Gao