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Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to demonstrate superior performance with increasing scale, yet training models with billions to trillions of parameters requires staggering computational resources, e.g. a one-trillion-parameter…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ajay Navilarekal Rajgopal , Nikolai Solmsdorf

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) typically involves a two-stage pipeline at the output layer: hidden states are projected into vocabulary logits via a linear transformation (lm_head), followed by cross-entropy loss computation against…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jianbing Dong , Jianbin Chang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely used today in recommendation systems, fraud detection, and node/link classification tasks. Real world GNNs continue to scale in size and require a large memory footprint for storing graphs and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Jeongmin Brian Park , Kun Wu , Vikram Sharma Mailthody , Zaid Quresh , Scott Mahlke , Wen-mei Hwu

The high memory and computation demand of large language models (LLMs) makes them challenging to be deployed on consumer devices due to limited GPU memory. Offloading can mitigate the memory constraint but often suffers from low GPU…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Yangyijian Liu , Jun Li , Wu-Jun Li

The increasing complexity of deep learning recommendation models (DLRM) has led to a growing need for large-scale distributed systems that can efficiently train vast amounts of data. In DLRM, the sparse embedding table is a crucial…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Xin Zhang , Quanyu Zhu , Liangbei Xu , Zain Huda , Wang Zhou , Jin Fang , Dennis van der Staay , Yuxi Hu , Jade Nie , Jiyan Yang , Chunzhi Yang

In the realm of Large Language Model (LLM) inference, the inherent structure of transformer models coupled with the multi-GPU tensor parallelism strategy leads to a sequential execution of computation and communication. This results in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Bin Xiao , Lei Su

The proliferation of extensive neural network architectures, particularly deep learning models, presents a challenge in terms of resource-intensive training. GPU memory constraints have become a notable bottleneck in training such sizable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Cevat Volkan Karadağ , Nezih Topaloğlu

The success of Transformer models has pushed the deep learning model scale to billions of parameters. Due to the limited memory resource of a single GPU, However, the best practice for choosing the optimal parallel strategy is still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Shenggui Li , Hongxin Liu , Zhengda Bian , Jiarui Fang , Haichen Huang , Yuliang Liu , Boxiang Wang , Yang You

In the last three years, the largest dense deep learning models have grown over 1000x to reach hundreds of billions of parameters, while the GPU memory has only grown by 5x (16 GB to 80 GB). Therefore, the growth in model scale has been…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Samyam Rajbhandari , Olatunji Ruwase , Jeff Rasley , Shaden Smith , Yuxiong He

In machine translation tasks, the relationship between model complexity and performance is often presumed to be linear, driving an increase in the number of parameters and consequent demands for computational resources like multiple GPUs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Luv Verma , Ketaki N. Kolhatkar

Recent breakthroughs in Large-scale language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on various tasks. The immense sizes of LLMs have led to very high resource demand and cost for running the models. Though the models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Juntao Zhao , Borui Wan , Yanghua Peng , Haibin Lin , Chuan Wu

Currently, training large-scale deep learning models is typically achieved through parallel training across multiple GPUs. However, due to the inherent communication overhead and synchronization delays in traditional model parallelism…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Xiuyuan Guo , Chengqi Xu , Guinan Guo , Feiyu Zhu , Changpeng Cai , Peizhe Wang , Xiaoming Wei , Junhao Su , Jialin Gao

The availability of unprecedented unsupervised training data, along with neural scaling laws, has resulted in an unprecedented surge in model size and compute requirements for serving/training LLMs. However, the main performance bottleneck…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Amir Gholami , Zhewei Yao , Sehoon Kim , Coleman Hooper , Michael W. Mahoney , Kurt Keutzer

LLM training is scaled up to 10Ks of GPUs by a mix of data-(DP) and model-parallel (MP) execution. Critical to achieving efficiency is tensor-parallel (TP; a form of MP) execution within tightly-coupled subsets of GPUs, referred to as a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Daiyaan Arfeen , Dheevatsa Mudigere , Ankit More , Bhargava Gopireddy , Ahmet Inci , Gregory R. Ganger

Deep learning (DL) workflows demand an ever-increasing budget of compute and energy in order to achieve outsized gains. Neural architecture searches, hyperparameter sweeps, and rapid prototyping consume immense resources that can prevent…

The recent Natural Language Processing techniques have been refreshing the state-of-the-art performance at an incredible speed. Training huge language models is therefore an imperative demand in both industry and academy. However, huge…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Zhengda Bian , Qifan Xu , Boxiang Wang , Yang You

The growing demand for large-scale GPU clusters in distributed model training presents a significant barrier to innovation, particularly in model optimization, performance tuning, and system-level enhancements. To address this challenge,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Sumit Kumar , Arjun Temura , Naman Sharma , Ramanjeet Singh , Meet Dadhania , Praveen Tammana , Satananda Burla , Abed Mohammad Kamaluddin , Rinku Shah

Distributed training frameworks, like TensorFlow, have been proposed as a means to reduce the training time of deep learning models by using a cluster of GPU servers. While such speedups are often desirable---e.g., for rapidly evaluating…

Performance · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Shijian Li , Robert J. Walls , Lijie Xu , Tian Guo

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), the demand for high-performance LLM inference services continues to grow. To meet this demand, a growing number of AI accelerators have been proposed, such as Google TPU, Huawei…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Tianhao Zhu , Dahu Feng , Erhu Feng , Yubin Xia

Training efficiency in large-scale models is typically assessed through memory consumption, training time, and model performance. Current methods often exhibit trade-offs among these metrics, as optimizing one generally degrades at least…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Tianhao Miao , Zhongyuan Bao , Lejun Zhang