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VRAM requirements for transformer models scale quadratically with context length due to the self-attention mechanism. In this paper we modify the decoder-only transformer, replacing self-attention with InAttention, which scales linearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Joseph Eisner

Transformers have been proven a successful model for a variety of tasks in sequence modeling. However, computing the attention matrix, which is their key component, has quadratic complexity with respect to the sequence length, thus making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Apoorv Vyas , Angelos Katharopoulos , François Fleuret

The quadratic computation complexity of self-attention has been a persistent challenge when applying Transformer models to vision tasks. Linear attention, on the other hand, offers a much more efficient alternative with its linear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Dongchen Han , Xuran Pan , Yizeng Han , Shiji Song , Gao Huang

We present Lightning Attention, the first linear attention implementation that maintains a constant training speed for various sequence lengths under fixed memory consumption. Due to the issue with cumulative summation operations (cumsum),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Zhen Qin , Weigao Sun , Dong Li , Xuyang Shen , Weixuan Sun , Yiran Zhong

Transformers demonstrate competitive performance in terms of precision on the problem of vision-based object detection. However, they require considerable computational resources due to the quadratic size of the attention weights. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Giorgos Savathrakis , Antonis Argyros

Attention efficiency is critical to large language model (LLM) inference. While prior advances optimize attention execution for individual requests (e.g., FlashAttention), production LLM serving relies on batching requests with highly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Rui Ning , Wei Zhang , Fan Lai

Efficiently supporting long context length is crucial for Transformer models. The quadratic complexity of the self-attention computation plagues traditional Transformers. Sliding window-based static sparse attention mitigates the problem by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zhenyu Bai , Pranav Dangi , Huize Li , Tulika Mitra

Transformer models have revolutionized natural language processing, achieving state-of-the-art performance and demonstrating remarkable scalability. However, their memory demands, particularly due to maintaining full context in memory, pose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Juan Gabriel Kostelec , Qinghai Guo

Transformer neural networks (TNNs) are being applied across a widening range of application domains, including natural language processing (NLP), machine translation, and computer vision (CV). Their popularity is largely attributed to the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Ehsan Kabir , Md. Arafat Kabir , Austin R. J. Downey , Jason D. Bakos , David Andrews , Miaoqing Huang

Modern neural networks are often augmented with an attention mechanism, which tells the network where to focus within the input. We propose in this paper a new framework for sparse and structured attention, building upon a smoothed max…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-26 Vlad Niculae , Mathieu Blondel

The rise of disaggregated AI GPUs has exposed a critical bottleneck in large-scale attention workloads: non-uniform memory access (NUMA). As multi-chiplet designs become the norm for scaling compute capabilities, memory latency and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Mansi Choudhary , Karthik Sangaiah , Sonali Singh , Muhammad Osama , Lisa Wu Wills , Ganesh Dasika

Sparse Attention is a technique that approximates standard attention computation with sub-quadratic complexity. This is achieved by selectively ignoring smaller entries in the attention matrix during the softmax function computation.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Yichuan Deng , Zhao Song , Jing Xiong , Chiwun Yang

The scalability of long-context large language models is fundamentally limited by the quadratic memory cost of exact self-attention, which often leads to out-of-memory (OOM) failures on modern hardware. Existing methods improve memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Yiming Bian , Joshua M. Akey

Transformers are mostly relying on softmax attention, which introduces quadratic complexity with respect to sequence length and remains a major bottleneck for efficient inference. Prior work on linear or hybrid attention typically replaces…

Multi-Modal Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) demonstrate exceptional capabilities in visual synthesis, yet their deployment remains constrained by substantial computational demands. To alleviate this bottleneck, many sparsity-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Liang Qiao , Yue Dai , Yeqi Huang , Hongyu Kan , Jun Shi , Hong An

As the performance gains from accelerating quantized matrix multiplication plateau, the softmax operation becomes the critical bottleneck in Transformer inference. This bottleneck stems from two hardware limitations: (1) limited data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zisheng Ye , Xiaoyu He , Maoyuan Song , Guoliang Qiu , Chao Liao , Chen Wu , Yonggang Sun , Zhichun Li , Xiaoru Xie , Yuanyong Luo , Hu Liu , Pinyan Lu , Heng Liao

Transformer-based architectures traditionally employ softmax to compute attention weights, which produces dense distributions over all tokens in a sequence. While effective in many settings, this density has been shown to be detrimental for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Pavlo Vasylenko , Hugo Pitorro , André F. T. Martins , Marcos Treviso

Transformers are state-of-the-art models for a variety of sequence modeling tasks. At their core is an attention function which models pairwise interactions between the inputs at every timestep. While attention is powerful, it does not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Hao Peng , Nikolaos Pappas , Dani Yogatama , Roy Schwartz , Noah A. Smith , Lingpeng Kong

Transformers have significantly advanced AI and machine learning through their powerful attention mechanism. However, computing attention on long sequences can become a computational bottleneck. FlashAttention mitigates this by fusing the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Kosmas Alexandridis , Giorgos Dimitrakopoulos

Large transformer models have achieved state-of-the-art results in numerous natural language processing tasks. Among the pivotal components of the transformer architecture, the attention mechanism plays a crucial role in capturing token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yichuan Deng , Zhao Song , Kaijun Yuan , Tianyi Zhou
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