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Researchers have demonstrated that humans are unable to generate a sequence of random numbers that corresponds in a statistical sense to a simple distribution such as the uniform distribution. The purpose of this article is to present the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-06-18 Vitaliy Grigoriev

The sequential analysis of series often requires nonparametric procedures, where the most powerful ones frequently use rank transformations. Re-ranking the data sequence after each new observation can become too intensive computationally.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-12-27 W. J. Conover , Victor G. Tercero , Alvaro E. Cordero-Franco

Since its introduction by Fisher, the method of hypothesis testing that relies on computing error probabilities has witnessed several developments. Perhaps the most significant development was the seminal contributions of Neyman and Pearson…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2026-05-08 Reason Machete

Cluster-randomized experiments are widely used due to their logistical convenience and policy relevance. To analyze them properly, we must address the fact that the treatment is assigned at the cluster level instead of the individual level.…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-06 Fangzhou Su , Peng Ding

The injunction to `analyze the way you randomize' is well-known to statisticians since Fisher advocated for randomization as the basis of inference. Yet even those convinced by the merits of randomization-based inference seldom follow this…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-16 Nicole E. Pashley , Guillaume W. Basse , Luke W. Miratrix

Recent methodological research in causal inference has focused on effects of stochastic interventions, which assign treatment randomly, often according to subject-specific covariates. In this work, we demonstrate that the usual notion of…

Frequentists' inference often delivers point estimators associated with confidence intervals or sets for parameters of interest. Constructing the confidence intervals or sets requires understanding the sampling distributions of the point…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-10-18 Xinran Li , Peng Ding

We present a general non-parametric statistical inference theory for integrals of quantiles without assuming any specific sampling design or dependence structure. Technical considerations are accompanied by examples and discussions,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-19 Nadezhda Gribkova , Mengqi Wang , Ričardas Zitikis

Nested error regression models are useful tools for analysis of grouped data, especially in the case of small area estimation. This paper suggests a nested error regression model using uncertain random effects in which the random effect in…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-02-28 Shonosuke Sugasawa , Tatsuya Kubokawa

We show that the Bregman divergence provides a rich framework to estimate unnormalized statistical models for continuous or discrete random variables, that is, models which do not integrate or sum to one, respectively. We prove that recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-02-20 Michael Gutmann , Jun-ichiro Hirayama

In $1946$, Mark Kac proved a Central Limit type theorem for a sequence of random variables that were not independent. The random variables under consideration were obtained from the angle-doubling map. The idea behind Kac's proof was to…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-04-04 Suprio Bhar , Ritwik Mukherjee , Prathmesh Patil

The normality assumption for random errors is fundamental in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) models. However, it is rarely subjected to formal testing in practice, and theoretically justified procedures are largely unavailable, especially…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-31 Peiwen Jia , Xiaojun Song , Haoyu Wei

We generalize classical statistical mechanics to describe the kinematics and the dynamics of systems whose variables are constrained by a single quantum postulate (discreteness of the spectrum of values of at least one variable of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Marcello Cini

Achieving covariate balance in randomized experiments enhances the precision of treatment effect estimation. However, existing methods often require heuristic adjustments based on domain knowledge and are primarily developed for binary…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-25 Wenxuan Guo , Tengyuan Liang , Panos Toulis

A practical limitation of cluster randomized controlled trials (cRCTs) is that the number of available clusters may be small, resulting in an increased risk of baseline imbalance under simple randomization. Constrained randomization…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-19 Yunji Zhou , Elizabeth L. Turner , Ryan A. Simmons , Fan Li

Stein's method (Stein, 1973; 1981) is a powerful tool for statistical applications and has significantly impacted machine learning. Stein's lemma plays an essential role in Stein's method. Previous applications of Stein's lemma either…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-04 Wu Lin , Mohammad Emtiyaz Khan , Mark Schmidt

In randomized trials, researchers are often interested in mediation analysis to understand how a treatment works, in particular how much of a treatment's effect is mediated by an intermediated variable and how much the treatment directly…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-01-01 Dylan S. Small

We provide finite-sample distribution approximations, that are uniform in the parameter, for inference in linear mixed models. Focus is on variances and covariances of random effects in cases where existing theory fails because their…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Karl Oskar Ekvall , Matteo Bottai

Inspired by the recent proposal by Feldman and Cousins of a ``unified approach to the classical statistical analysis of small signals'' based on a choice of ordering in Neyman's construction of classical confidence intervals, I propose a…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-07-19 C. Giunti

This article studies the benefits of using spatially randomized experimental designs which partition the experimental area into distinct, non-overlapping units with treatments assigned randomly. Such designs offer improved policy evaluation…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-18 Ying Yang , Chengchun Shi , Fang Yao , Shouyang Wang , Hongtu Zhu