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This paper explores the potential of large language models (LLMs) as reliable analytical tools in linguistic research, focusing on the emergence of affective meanings in temporal expressions involving manner-of-motion verbs. While LLMs like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Rosa Illan Castillo , Javier Valenzuela

By using a trigram model and fine-tuning a pretrained BERT model for sequence classification, we show that machine translation and human translation can be classified with an accuracy above chance level, which suggests that machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Yingxue Fu , Mark-Jan Nederhof

We describe GEMBA, a GPT-based metric for assessment of translation quality, which works both with a reference translation and without. In our evaluation, we focus on zero-shot prompting, comparing four prompt variants in two modes, based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Tom Kocmi , Christian Federmann

Neural machine translation (NMT) systems aim to map text from one language into another. While there are a wide variety of applications of NMT, one of the most important is translation of natural language. A distinguishing factor of natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Vivek Subramanian , Dhanasekar Sundararaman

Automatic metrics are fundamental for the development and evaluation of machine translation systems. Judging whether, and to what extent, automatic metrics concur with the gold standard of human evaluation is not a straightforward problem.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Nitika Mathur , Timothy Baldwin , Trevor Cohn

Inferring evaluation scores based on human judgments is invaluable compared to using current evaluation metrics which are not suitable for real-time applications e.g. post-editing. However, these judgments are much more expensive to collect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-07-09 Ibrahim Sabek , Noha A. Yousri , Nagwa Elmakky , Mona Habib

This paper explores the potential of context-aware monolingual human evaluation for assessing machine translation (MT) when no source is given for reference. To this end, we compare monolingual with bilingual evaluations (with source text),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Silvio Picinini , Sheila Castilho

A major challenge in the field of Text Generation is evaluation: Human evaluations are cost-intensive, and automated metrics often display considerable disagreement with human judgments. In this paper, we propose a statistical model of Text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jan Deriu , Pius von Däniken , Don Tuggener , Mark Cieliebak

Systematic reviews are crucial for synthesizing scientific evidence but remain labor-intensive, especially when extracting detailed methodological information. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for automating methodological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Wenqing Zhang , Trang Nguyen , Elizabeth A. Stuart , Yiqun T. Chen

This study explores the distinctions between neural machine translation (NMT) and human translation (HT) through the lens of translation relations. It benchmarks HT to assess the translation techniques produced by an NMT system and aims to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Fan Zhou

Evaluation of open-domain dialogue systems is highly challenging and development of better techniques is highlighted time and again as desperately needed. Despite substantial efforts to carry out reliable live evaluation of systems in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Tianbo Ji , Yvette Graham , Gareth J. F. Jones , Chenyang Lyu , Qun Liu

Large Language Models such as GPTs (Generative Pre-trained Transformers) exhibit remarkable capabilities across a broad spectrum of applications. Nevertheless, due to their intrinsic complexity, these models present substantial challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ashkan Golgoon , Khashayar Filom , Arjun Ravi Kannan

Simultaneous machine translation (SiMT) aims to translate a continuous input text stream into another language with the lowest latency and highest quality possible. The translation thus has to start with an incomplete source text, which is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Ozan Caglayan , Julia Ive , Veneta Haralampieva , Pranava Madhyastha , Loïc Barrault , Lucia Specia

Simultaneous Machine Translation (SiMT) generates target translations while reading the source sentence. It relies on a policy to determine the optimal timing for reading sentences and generating translations. Existing SiMT methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Shoutao Guo , Shaolei Zhang , Zhengrui Ma , Min Zhang , Yang Feng

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, yet their evaluation, particularly in languages beyond the top $20$, remains inadequate due to existing benchmarks and metrics limitations. Employing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Rishav Hada , Varun Gumma , Adrian de Wynter , Harshita Diddee , Mohamed Ahmed , Monojit Choudhury , Kalika Bali , Sunayana Sitaram

As dialogue systems and chatbots increasingly integrate into everyday interactions, the need for efficient and accurate evaluation methods becomes paramount. This study explores the comparative performance of human and AI assessments across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Ike Ebubechukwu , Johane Takeuchi , Antonello Ceravola , Frank Joublin

With the rapid development of deep learning technologies, the field of machine translation has witnessed significant progress, especially with the advent of large language models (LLMs) that have greatly propelled the advancement of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Jiaxin GUO , Xiaoyu Chen , Zhiqiang Rao , Jinlong Yang , Zongyao Li , Hengchao Shang , Daimeng Wei , Hao Yang

Automated interpretability systems aim to reduce the need for human labor and scale analysis to increasingly large models and diverse tasks. Recent efforts toward this goal leverage large language models (LLMs) at increasing levels of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Tal Haklay , Nikhil Prakash , Sana Pandey , Antonio Torralba , Aaron Mueller , Jacob Andreas , Tamar Rott Shaham , Yonatan Belinkov

Collecting human judgements is currently the most reliable evaluation method for natural language generation systems. Automatic metrics have reported flaws when applied to measure quality aspects of generated text and have been shown to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Thórhildur Thorleiksdóttir , Cedric Renggli , Nora Hollenstein , Ce Zhang

Semantic textual similarity (STS) systems are designed to encode and evaluate the semantic similarity between words, phrases, sentences, and documents. One method for assessing the quality or authenticity of semantic information encoded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-04 Kimberly Glasgow , Matthew Roos , Amy Haufler , Mark Chevillet , Michael Wolmetz