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This paper presents a novel framework of neural networks for isotropic hyperelasticity that enforces necessary physical and mathematical constraints while simultaneously satisfying the universal approximation theorem. The two key…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Gian-Luca Geuken , Patrick Kurzeja , David Wiedemann , Jörn Mosler

A efficient incremental learning algorithm for classification tasks, called NetLines, well adapted for both binary and real-valued input patterns is presented. It generates small compact feedforward neural networks with one hidden layer of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-04-30 Juan-Manuel Torres-Moreno , Mirta B. Gordon

This paper develops fundamental limits of deep neural network learning by characterizing what is possible if no constraints are imposed on the learning algorithm and on the amount of training data. Concretely, we consider Kolmogorov-optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Dennis Elbrächter , Dmytro Perekrestenko , Philipp Grohs , Helmut Bölcskei

The usage of elementary submodels is a simple but powerful method to prove theorems, or to simplify proofs in infinite combinatorics. First we introduce all the necessary concepts of logic, then we prove classical theorems using elementary…

Logic · Mathematics 2010-12-07 Lajos Soukup

One of the basic principles of Approximation Theory is that the quality of approximations increase with the smoothness of the function to be approximated. Functions that are smooth in certain subdomains will have good approximations in…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-12-23 Licia Lenarduzzi , Robert Schaback

This note establishes a theoretical framework for finding (potentially overparameterized) approximations of a function on a compact set with a-priori bounds for the generalization error. The approximation method considered is to choose,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-23 Arthur C. B. de Oliveira , Ruigang Wang , Ian R. Manchester , Eduardo D. Sontag

We generalize recent theoretical work on the minimal number of layers of narrow deep belief networks that can approximate any probability distribution on the states of their visible units arbitrarily well. We relax the setting of binary…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-01-30 Guido F. Montúfar

In this paper, we propose to provide a general ensemble learning framework based on deep learning models. Given a group of unit models, the proposed deep ensemble learning framework will effectively combine their learning results via a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Jiawei Zhang , Limeng Cui , Fisher B. Gouza

The foundations of deep learning are supported by the seemingly opposing perspectives of approximation or learning theory. The former advocates for large/expressive models that need not generalize, while the latter considers classes that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Ruiyang Hong , Anastasis Kratsios

This paper presents a formalized analysis of the sigmoid function and a fully mechanized proof of the Universal Approximation Theorem (UAT) in Isabelle/HOL, a higher-order logic theorem prover. The sigmoid function plays a fundamental role…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Dustin Bryant , Jim Woodcock , Simon Foster

Reaction-diffusion systems represent one of the most fundamental formulations used to describe a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological processes. With the increasing adoption of neural networks, recent research has focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Haotian Feng

We examine the necessary and sufficient complexity of neural networks to approximate functions from different smoothness spaces under the restriction of encodable network weights. Based on an entropy argument, we start by proving lower…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-09-21 Ingo Gühring , Mones Raslan

We consider neural networks with a single hidden layer and non-decreasing homogeneous activa-tion functions like the rectified linear units. By letting the number of hidden units grow unbounded and using classical non-Euclidean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-01 Francis Bach

We present a nonstandard simple elementary proof of Szemer\'{e}di's theorem by a straightforward induction with the help of three levels of infinities and four different elementary embeddings in a nonstandard universe.

Logic · Mathematics 2023-10-31 Renling Jin

Recent works have shown that gradient descent can find a global minimum for over-parameterized neural networks where the widths of all the hidden layers scale polynomially with $N$ ($N$ being the number of training samples). In this paper,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Quynh Nguyen , Marco Mondelli

This article is concerned with the approximation and expressive powers of deep neural networks. This is an active research area currently producing many interesting papers. The results most commonly found in the literature prove that neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-08 I. Daubechies , R. DeVore , S. Foucart , B. Hanin , G. Petrova

Recent years have witnessed strong empirical performance of over-parameterized neural networks on various tasks and many advances in the theory, e.g. the universal approximation and provable convergence to global minimum. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-26 Shiyun Xu , Zhiqi Bu

Complex-valued neural networks have attracted increasing attention in recent years, while it remains open on the advantages of complex-valued neural networks in comparison with real-valued networks. This work takes one step on this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Shao-Qun Zhang , Wei Gao , Zhi-Hua Zhou

Modifications to a neural network's input and output layers are often required to accommodate the specificities of most practical learning tasks. However, the impact of such changes on architecture's approximation capabilities is largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Anastasis Kratsios , Eugene Bilokopytov

A classical result in approximation theory states that for any continuous function \( \varphi: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} \), the set \( \operatorname{span}\{\varphi \circ g : g \in \operatorname{Aff}(\mathbb{R})\} \) is dense in \(…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-31 Eugene Bilokopytov , Foivos Xanthos