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Ensuring truthfulness in large language models (LLMs) remains a critical challenge for reliable text generation. While supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning with human feedback have shown promise, they require a substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Manh Nguyen , Sunil Gupta , Hung Le

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a technique used to augment Large Language Models (LLMs) with contextually relevant, time-critical, or domain-specific information without altering the underlying model parameters. However,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Laurent Mombaerts , Terry Ding , Adi Banerjee , Florian Felice , Jonathan Taws , Tarik Borogovac

Automatic fact-checking aims to support professional fact-checkers by offering tools that can help speed up manual fact-checking. Yet, existing frameworks fail to address the key step of producing output suitable for broader dissemination…

This paper investigates the role of dynamic external knowledge integration in improving counter-argument generation using Large Language Models (LLMs). While LLMs have shown promise in argumentative tasks, their tendency to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Anar Yeginbergen , Maite Oronoz , Rodrigo Agerri

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising technique for mitigating two key limitations of large language models (LLMs): outdated information and hallucinations. RAG system stores documents as embedding vectors in a database. Given…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Taehee Jeong , Xingzhe Zhao , Peizu Li , Markus Valvur , Weihua Zhao

Knowledge gaps and hallucinations are persistent challenges for Large Language Models (LLMs), which generate unreliable responses when lacking the necessary information to fulfill user instructions. Existing approaches, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Riccardo Pozzi , Matteo Palmonari , Andrea Coletta , Luigi Bellomarini , Jens Lehmann , Sahar Vahdati

In high-stakes information domains such as healthcare, where large language models (LLMs) can produce hallucinations or misinformation, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been proposed as a mitigation strategy, grounding model outputs…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Saeedeh Javadi , Sara Mirabi , Manan Gangar , Bahadorreza Ofoghi

There has recently been considerable interest in incorporating information retrieval into large language models (LLMs). Retrieval from a dynamically expanding external corpus of text allows a model to incorporate current events and can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Yanhong Li , David Yunis , David McAllester , Jiawei Zhou

Automated evidence-based misinformation detection systems, which evaluate the veracity of short claims against evidence, lack comprehensive analysis of their adversarial vulnerabilities. Existing black-box text-based adversarial attacks are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Mazal Bethany , Nishant Vishwamitra , Cho-Yu Jason Chiang , Peyman Najafirad

Despite the successes of large language models (LLMs), they exhibit significant drawbacks, particularly when processing long contexts. Their inference cost scales quadratically with respect to sequence length, making it expensive for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Thomas Merth , Qichen Fu , Mohammad Rastegari , Mahyar Najibi

Fact-checking the truthfulness of claims usually requires reasoning over multiple evidence sentences. Oftentimes, evidence sentences may not be always self-contained, and may require additional contexts and references from elsewhere to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Delvin Ce Zhang , Dongwon Lee

We propose CRAFT, a red-teaming alignment framework that leverages model reasoning capabilities and hidden representations to improve robustness against jailbreak attacks. Unlike prior defenses that operate primarily at the output level,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Haozheng Luo , Yimin Wang , Jiahao Yu , Binghui Wang , Yan Chen

Although synthetic data has changed various aspects of information retrieval (IR) pipelines, the main training paradigm remains: contrastive learning with binary relevance labels, where one positive document is compared against several…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Reza Esfandiarpoor , George Zerveas , Ruochen Zhang , Macton Mgonzo , Carsten Eickhoff , Stephen H. Bach

In this paper, we evaluate the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to assess the veracity of claims in ''news reports'' generated by themselves or other LLMs. Our goal is to determine whether LLMs can effectively fact-check their own…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Jiayi Yao , Haibo Sun , Nianwen Xue

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising solution to mitigate the limitations of large language models (LLMs), such as hallucinations and outdated information. However, it remains unclear how LLMs handle knowledge…

The rapid development of social platforms exacerbates the dissemination of misinformation, which stimulates the research in fact verification. Recent studies tend to leverage semantic features to solve this problem as a single-hop task.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Han Cao , Lingwei Wei , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) improves correctness of Question Answering (QA) and addresses hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs), yet greatly increase computational costs. Besides, RAG is not always needed as may introduce…

Large language models (LLMs) typically enhance their performance through either the retrieval of semantically similar information or the improvement of their reasoning capabilities. However, a significant challenge remains in effectively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Shuqi Liu , Bowei He , Chen Ma , Linqi Song

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) delivers substantial value in knowledge-intensive applications. However, its generated responses often lack transparent reasoning paths that trace back to source evidence from retrieved documents. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jingyi Ren , Yekun Xu , Xiaolong Wang , Weitao Li , Ante Wang , Weizhi Ma , Yang Liu

Contradiction retrieval refers to identifying and extracting documents that explicitly disagree with or refute the content of a query, which is important to many downstream applications like fact checking and data cleaning. To retrieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Haike Xu , Zongyu Lin , Yizhou Sun , Kai-Wei Chang , Piotr Indyk