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Scalability is a common issue among the most used permissionless blockchains, and several approaches have been proposed to solve this issue. Tackling scalability while preserving the security and decentralization of the network is a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Mikel Cortes-Goicoechea , Tarun Mohandas-Daryanani , Jose L. Muñoz-Tapia , Leonardo Bautista-Gomez

We introduce Casper, a proof of stake-based finality system which overlays an existing proof of work blockchain. Casper is a partial consensus mechanism combining proof of stake algorithm research and Byzantine fault tolerant consensus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Vitalik Buterin , Virgil Griffith

Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus forms the foundation of many modern blockchains striving for both high throughput and low latency. A growing bottleneck is transaction execution and validation on the critical path of consensus,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Ignacio Amores-Sesar , Mirza Ahad Baig , Seth Gilbert , Ray Neiheiser , Michelle X. Yeo

Sharding enhances blockchain scalability by dividing the network into shards, each managing specific unspent transaction outputs or accounts. As an introduced new transaction type, cross-shard transactions pose a critical challenge to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Yizhong Liu , Andi Liu , Yuan Lu , Zhuocheng Pan , Yinuo Li , Jianwei Liu , Song Bian , Mauro Conti

On March 13, 2024, Ethereum implemented EIP-4844, designed to enhance its role as a data availability layer. While this upgrade reduces data posting costs for rollups, it also raises concerns about its impact on the consensus layer due to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Seongwan Park , Bosul Mun , Seungyun Lee , Woojin Jeong , Jaewook Lee , Hyeonsang Eom , Huisu Jang

Blockchain offers a decentralized, immutable, transparent system of records. It offers a peer-to-peer network of nodes with no centralised governing entity making it unhackable and therefore, more secure than the traditional paper-based or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Harsh Jot Singh , Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid

Conthereum is a concurrent Ethereum solution for intra-block parallel transaction execution, enabling validators to utilize multi-core infrastructure and transform the sequential execution model of Ethereum into a parallel one. This shift…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Atefeh Zareh Chahoki , Maurice Herlihy , Marco Roveri

Sharding is a promising technique for addressing the scalability issues of blockchain, and this technique is especially important for IoT, edge, or mobile computing. It divides the $n$ participating nodes into $s$ disjoint groups called…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Miroslav Popovic

We address the Threshold Information Disclosure (TID) problem on Ethereum: An arbitrary number of users commit to the scheduled disclosure of their individual messages recorded on the Ethereum blockchain if and only if all such messages are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Oliver Stengele , Markus Raiber , Jörn Müller-Quade , Hannes Hartenstein

Blockchains are distributed secure ledgers to which transactions are issued continuously and each block of transactions is tightly coupled to its predecessors. Permissioned blockchains place special emphasis on transactions throughput. In…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Yehonatan Buchnik , Roy Friedman

Rollups have become the de facto scalability solution for Ethereum, securing more than $55B in assets. They achieve scale by executing transactions on a Layer 2 ledger, while periodically posting data and finalizing state on the Layer 1,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Stefanos Chaliasos , Conner Swann , Sina Pilehchiha , Nicolas Mohnblatt , Benjamin Livshits , Assimakis Kattis

With the continuous expansion of blockchain application scenarios, consortium chains have raised higher performance and security requirements for consensus mechanisms. Unlike public blockchains, consortium chains typically implement an…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Wen Gao , Xinhong Hei , Yichuan Wang

Threshold cryptography is essential for many blockchain protocols. For example, many protocols rely on threshold common coin to implement asynchronous consensus, leader elections, and provide support for randomized applications. Similarly,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Zhuolun Xiang , Sourav Das , Zekun Li , Zhoujun Ma , Alexander Spiegelman

Ethereum's Gas mechanism attempts to set transaction fees in accordance with the computational cost of transaction execution: a cost borne by default by every node on the network to ensure correct smart contract execution. Gas encourages…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Renlord Yang , Toby Murray , Paul Rimba , Udaya Parampalli

The surging interest in blockchain technology has revitalized the search for effective Byzantine consensus schemes. In particular, the blockchain community has been looking for ways to effectively integrate traditional Byzantine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Jian Liu , Wenting Li , Ghassan O. Karame , N. Asokan

We use historical data to estimate the potential benefit of speculative techniques for executing Ethereum smart contracts in parallel. We replay transaction traces of sampled blocks from the Ethereum blockchain over time, using a simple…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Vikram Saraph , Maurice Herlihy

Optimistic rollups rely on fraud proofs -- interactive protocols executed on Ethereum to resolve conflicting claims about the rollup's state -- to scale Ethereum securely. To mitigate against potential censorship of protocol moves, fraud…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Ben Berger , Edward W. Felten , Akaki Mamageishvili , Benny Sudakov

Sui Lutris is the first smart-contract platform to sustainably achieve sub-second finality. It achieves this significant decrease by employing consensusless agreement not only for simple payments but for a large variety of transactions.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Sam Blackshear , Andrey Chursin , George Danezis , Anastasios Kichidis , Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias , Xun Li , Mark Logan , Ashok Menon , Todd Nowacki , Alberto Sonnino , Brandon Williams , Lu Zhang

In this study, we propose PRETRUST, a new framework to address the problem of the efficiency of payment process based on blockchain systems. PRETRUST is based on the thoughts of consortium chains, supporting fast payments. To make parties…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Huapeng Li , Baocheng Wang

A large number of consensus algorithms have been proposed. However, the requirement of strict consistency limits their wide adoption, especially in high-performance required systems. In this paper, we propose a weak consensus algorithm that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Qin Wang , Rujia Li