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Classification is a fundamental task in machine learning and data mining. Existing classification methods are designed to classify unknown instances within a set of previously known training classes. Such a classification takes the form of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-02 Wajdi Dhifli , Abdoulaye Baniré Diallo

Unknown examples that are unseen during training often appear in real-world machine learning tasks, and an intelligent self-learning system should be able to distinguish between known and unknown examples. Accordingly, open set recognition…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Jaeyeon Jang , Chang Ouk Kim

Open-set node classification (OSNC) allows unlabeled test data to contain novel classes previously unseen in the labeled data. The goal is to classify in-distribution (ID) nodes into corresponding known classes and reject…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Junwei Gong , Xiao Shen , Zhihao Chen , Shirui Pan , Xiao Wang , Xi Zhou

Endoscopic image classification plays a pivotal role in medical diagnostics by identifying anatomical landmarks and pathological findings. However, conventional closed-set classification frameworks are inherently limited in open-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Kasra Moazzami , Seoyoun Son , John Lin , Sun Min Lee , Daniel Son , Hayeon Lee , Jeongho Lee , Seongji Lee

Open-set semi-supervised learning (OSSL) embodies a practical scenario within semi-supervised learning, wherein the unlabeled training set encompasses classes absent from the labeled set. Many existing OSSL methods assume that these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Erik Wallin , Lennart Svensson , Fredrik Kahl , Lars Hammarstrand

We propose a generalized Sparse Representation- based Classification (SRC) algorithm for open set recognition where not all classes presented during testing are known during training. The SRC algorithm uses class reconstruction errors for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-05-09 He Zhang , Vishal M. Patel

In open-set semi-supervised learning (OSSL), we consider unlabeled datasets that may contain unknown classes. Existing OSSL methods often use the softmax confidence for classifying data as in-distribution (ID) or out-of-distribution (OOD).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Erik Wallin , Lennart Svensson , Fredrik Kahl , Lars Hammarstrand

Fueled by deep learning, computer-aided diagnosis achieves huge advances. However, out of controlled lab environments, algorithms could face multiple challenges. Open set recognition (OSR), as an important one, states that categories unseen…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-24 Mingyuan Liu , Lu Xu , Jicong Zhang

Often, when dealing with real-world recognition problems, we do not need, and often cannot have, knowledge of the entire set of possible classes that might appear during operational testing. In such cases, we need to think of robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Pedro Ribeiro Mendes Júnior , Terrance E. Boult , Jacques Wainer , Anderson Rocha

Traditional semi-supervised object detection methods assume a fixed set of object classes (in-distribution or ID classes) during training and deployment, which limits performance in real-world scenarios where unseen classes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Garvita Allabadi , Ana Lucic , Siddarth Aananth , Tiffany Yang , Yu-Xiong Wang , Vikram Adve

Much research has been conducted on both face identification and face verification, with greater focus on the latter. Research on face identification has mostly focused on using closed-set protocols, which assume that all probe images used…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-05-22 Manuel Günther , Steve Cruz , Ethan M. Rudd , Terrance E. Boult

Open-set recognition refers to the problem in which classes that were not seen during training appear at inference time. This requires the ability to identify instances of novel classes while maintaining discriminative capability for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Zongyao Lyu , Nolan B. Gutierrez , William J. Beksi

Despite the remarkable progress in generative technology, the Janus-faced issues of intellectual property protection and malicious content supervision have arisen. Efforts have been paid to manage synthetic images by attributing them to a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Tianyun Yang , Danding Wang , Fan Tang , Xinying Zhao , Juan Cao , Sheng Tang

Open set recognition (OSR) is devised to address the problem of detecting novel classes during model inference. Even in recent vision models, this remains an open issue which is receiving increasing attention. Thereby, a crucial challenge…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Jiawen Xu , Odej Kao , Margret Keuper

While deep learning strategies achieve outstanding results in computer vision tasks, one issue remains: The current strategies rely heavily on a huge amount of labeled data. In many real-world problems, it is not feasible to create such an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Lars Schmarje , Monty Santarossa , Simon-Martin Schröder , Reinhard Koch

The expansion of machine learning into dynamic environments presents challenges in handling open-world problems where label shift, covariate shift, and unknown classes emerge. Post-training methods have been explored to address these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Miru Kim , Mugon Joe , Minhae Kwon

Open set recognition (OSR) is a critical aspect of machine learning, addressing the challenge of detecting novel classes during inference. Within the realm of deep learning, neural classifiers trained on a closed set of data typically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jiawen Xu , Margret Keuper

Open Set Recognition (OSR) is about dealing with unknown situations that were not learned by the models during training. In this paper, we provide a survey of existing works about OSR and distinguish their respective advantages and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Atefeh Mahdavi , Marco Carvalho

Evaluations of large-scale recognition methods typically focus on overall performance. While this approach is common, it often fails to provide insights into performance across individual classes, which can lead to fairness issues and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Ryan Rabinowitz , Steve Cruz , Manuel Günther , Terrance E. Boult

We present a conceptually new and flexible method for multi-class open set classification. Unlike previous methods where unknown classes are inferred with respect to the feature or decision distance to the known classes, our approach is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-07-25 ZongYuan Ge , Sergey Demyanov , Zetao Chen , Rahil Garnavi