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Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) provide explicit interpretations for deep neural networks through concepts and allow intervention with concepts to adjust final predictions. Existing CBMs assume concepts are conditionally independent given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Haotian Xu , Tsui-Wei Weng , Lam M. Nguyen , Tengfei Ma

We introduce Concept Bottleneck Large Language Models (CB-LLMs), a novel framework for building inherently interpretable Large Language Models (LLMs). In contrast to traditional black-box LLMs that rely on limited post-hoc interpretations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Chung-En Sun , Tuomas Oikarinen , Berk Ustun , Tsui-Wei Weng

The concept bottleneck model (CBM), as a technique improving interpretability via linking predictions to human-understandable concepts, makes high-risk and life-critical medical image classification credible. Typically, existing CBM methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Chunjiang Wang , Kun Zhang , Yandong Liu , Zhiyang He , Xiaodong Tao , S. Kevin Zhou

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) enhance interpretability by introducing a layer of human-understandable concepts between inputs and predictions. While recent methods automate concept generation using Large Language Models (LLMs) and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Delong Zhao , Qiang Huang , Di Yan , Yiqun Sun , Jun Yu

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) enhance the interpretability of AI systems, particularly by bridging visual input with human-understandable concepts, effectively acting as a form of multimodal interpretability model. However, existing CBMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Songning Lai , Mingqian Liao , Zhangyi Hu , Jiayu Yang , Wenshuo Chen , Hongru Xiao , Jianheng Tang , Haicheng Liao , Yutao Yue

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) improve the explainability of black-box Deep Learning (DL) by introducing intermediate semantic concepts. However, standard CBMs often overlook domain-specific relationships and causal mechanisms, and their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Reza M. Asiyabi , SEOSAW Partnership , Steven Hancock , Casey Ryan

Developing high-performing, yet interpretable models remains a critical challenge in modern AI. Concept-based models (CBMs) attempt to address this by extracting human-understandable concepts from a global encoding (e.g., image encoding)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 David Steinmann , Wolfgang Stammer , Antonia Wüst , Kristian Kersting

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) first map raw input(s) to a vector of human-defined concepts, before using this vector to predict a final classification. We might therefore expect CBMs capable of predicting concepts based on distinct…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Jack Furby , Daniel Cunnington , Dave Braines , Alun Preece

Deep learning representations are often difficult to interpret, which can hinder their deployment in sensitive applications. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have emerged as a promising approach to mitigate this issue by learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Antonio Almudévar , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato , Alfonso Ortega

The main challenges limiting the adoption of deep learning-based solutions in medical workflows are the availability of annotated data and the lack of interpretability of such systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) tackle the latter by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Cristiano Patrício , Isabel Rio-Torto , Jaime S. Cardoso , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) assume that training examples (e.g., x-ray images) are annotated with high-level concepts (e.g., types of abnormalities), and perform classification by first predicting the concepts, followed by predicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Danis Alukaev , Semen Kiselev , Ilya Pershin , Bulat Ibragimov , Vladimir Ivanov , Alexey Kornaev , Ivan Titov

There is growing interest in concept-based models (CBMs) that combine high-performance and interpretability by acquiring and reasoning with a vocabulary of high-level concepts. A key requirement is that the concepts be interpretable.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Emanuele Marconato , Andrea Passerini , Stefano Teso

Concept bottleneck models (CBM) aim to improve model interpretability by predicting human level "concepts" in a bottleneck within a deep learning model architecture. However, how the predicted concepts are used in predicting the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Matthew Shen , Aliyah Hsu , Abhineet Agarwal , Bin Yu

Machine learning accelerates molecular property prediction, yet state-of-the-art Large Language Models and Graph Neural Networks operate as black boxes. In drug discovery, where safety is critical, this opacity risks masking false…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Oscar Rivera , Ziqing Wang , Matthieu Dagommer , Abhishek Pandey , Kaize Ding

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) aim to improve interpretability in Deep Learning by structuring predictions through human-understandable concepts, but they provide no way to verify whether learned concepts align with the human's intended…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Stefano Colamonaco , David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Giuseppe Marra

Advancements in foundation models (FMs) have led to a paradigm shift in machine learning. The rich, expressive feature representations from these pre-trained, large-scale FMs are leveraged for multiple downstream tasks, usually via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Jihye Choi , Jayaram Raghuram , Yixuan Li , Somesh Jha

The recent mass adoption of DNNs, even in safety-critical scenarios, has shifted the focus of the research community towards the creation of inherently intrepretable models. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) constitute a popular approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Konstantinos P. Panousis , Dino Ienco , Diego Marcos

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have recently been proposed to address the 'black-box' problem of deep neural networks, by first mapping images to a human-understandable concept space and then linearly combining concepts for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Sukrut Rao , Sweta Mahajan , Moritz Böhle , Bernt Schiele

Concept-based models are an emerging paradigm in deep learning that constrains the inference process to operate through human-interpretable variables, facilitating explainability and human interaction. However, these architectures, on par…

Concept-Based Models (CBMs) are a class of deep learning models that provide interpretability by explaining predictions through high-level concepts. These models first predict concepts and then use them to perform a downstream task.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Gabriele Dominici , Giuseppe Marra