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Automatic grading is not a new approach but the need to adapt the latest technology to automatic grading has become very important. As the technology has rapidly became more powerful on scoring exams and essays, especially from the 1990s…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Neslihan Suzen , Alexander Gorban , Jeremy Levesley , Evgeny Mirkes

Automated Short Answer Scoring (ASAS) is a critical component in educational assessment. While traditional ASAS systems relied on rule-based algorithms or complex deep learning methods, recent advancements in Generative Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Zifan Wang , Christopher Ormerod

Item Response Theory (IRT) is a ubiquitous model for understanding humans based on their responses to questions, used in fields as diverse as education, medicine and psychology. Large modern datasets offer opportunities to capture more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Mike Wu , Richard L. Davis , Benjamin W. Domingue , Chris Piech , Noah Goodman

Writing is a foundational literacy skill that underpins effective communication, fosters critical thinking, facilitates learning across disciplines, and enables individuals to organize and articulate complex ideas. Consequently, writing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Jiangang Hao

Automatic short answer grading is an important research direction in the exploration of how to use artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools to improve education. Current state-of-the-art approaches use neural language models to create…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Mengxue Zhang , Sami Baral , Neil Heffernan , Andrew Lan

The use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) for Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has been well explored in the English language, with benchmark models exhibiting performance comparable to human scorers. However, AES in Hindi and other…

Task requirements (TRs) writing is an important question type in Key English Test and Preliminary English Test. A TR writing question may include multiple requirements and a high-quality essay must respond to each requirement thoroughly and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Shiting Xu , Guowei Xu , Peilei Jia , Wenbiao Ding , Zhongqin Wu , Zitao Liu

This study explores automatic generation (AIG) using language models to create multiple choice questions (MCQs) for morphological assessment, aiming to reduce the cost and inconsistency of manual test development. The study used a two-fold…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Mohammad Amini , Babak Ahmadi , Xiaomeng Xiong , Yilin Zhang , Christopher Qiao

Item Response Theory (IRT) has been proposed within the field of Educational Psychometrics to assess student ability as well as test question difficulty and discrimination power. More recently, IRT has been applied to evaluate machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-01 Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi , Kate Smith-Miles

This study investigates the application of large language models (LLMs), specifically GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, with Chain-of-Though (CoT) in the automatic scoring of student-written responses to science assessments. We focused on overcoming the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Gyeong-Geon Lee , Ehsan Latif , Xuansheng Wu , Ninghao Liu , Xiaoming Zhai

Item Response Theory (IRT) was originally developed in traditional exam settings, and it has been shown that the model does not readily transfer to formative assessment in the form of online homework. We investigate if this is mostly due to…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-03-24 Emre Gönülateş , Gerd Kortemeyer

A Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) system produces a sequence of edits to correct an erroneous sentence. The quality of these edits is typically evaluated against human annotations. However, a sentence may admit multiple valid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Qiyuan Xiao , Xiaoman Wang , Yunshi Lan

Automated Scoring (AS), the natural language processing task of scoring essays and speeches in an educational testing setting, is growing in popularity and being deployed across contexts from government examinations to companies providing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-18 Yaman Kumar Singla , Sriram Krishna , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Changyou Chen

Keeping in mind the necessity of intelligent system in educational sector, this paper proposes a text analysis based automated approach for automatic evaluation of the descriptive answers in an examination. In particular, the research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Vedant Bahel , Achamma Thomas

This study investigates the impact of example selection on the performance of au-tomated essay scoring (AES) using few-shot prompting with GPT models. We evaluate the effects of the choice and order of examples in few-shot prompting on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Lui Yoshida

In the domain of education, the integration of,technology has led to a transformative era, reshaping traditional,learning paradigms. Central to this evolution is the automation,of grading processes, particularly within the STEM domain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Rajlaxmi Patil , Aditya Ashutosh Kulkarni , Ruturaj Ghatage , Sharvi Endait , Geetanjali Kale , Raviraj Joshi

The use of machine learning (ML) models to assess and score textual data has become increasingly pervasive in an array of contexts including natural language processing, information retrieval, search and recommendation, and credibility…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Marialena Bevilacqua , Kezia Oketch , Ruiyang Qin , Will Stamey , Xinyuan Zhang , Yi Gan , Kai Yang , Ahmed Abbasi

Automatic assessment needs short answer based evaluation and automated assessment. Various techniques used are Ontology, Semantic similarity matching and Statistical methods. An automatic short answer assessment system is attempted in this…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-11-09 P. Selvi , A. K. Bnerjee

Practice tests for high-stakes assessment are intended to build test familiarity, and reduce construct-irrelevant variance which can interfere with valid score interpretation. Generative AI-driven, automated item generation (AIG) scales the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jill Burstein , Ramsey Cardwell , Ping-Ling Chuang , Allison Michalowski , Steven Nydick

Automatic essay grading (AEG) is a process in which machines assign a grade to an essay written in response to a topic, called the prompt. Zero-shot AEG is when we train a system to grade essays written to a new prompt which was not present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Sandeep Mathias , Rudra Murthy , Diptesh Kanojia , Pushpak Bhattacharyya