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Large Language Models (LLMs), which bridge the gap between human language understanding and complex problem-solving, achieve state-of-the-art performance on several NLP tasks, particularly in few-shot and zero-shot settings. Despite the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shuai Zhao , Meihuizi Jia , Zhongliang Guo , Leilei Gan , Xiaoyu Xu , Xiaobao Wu , Jie Fu , Yichao Feng , Fengjun Pan , Luu Anh Tuan

Jailbreaking is an emerging adversarial attack that bypasses the safety alignment deployed in off-the-shelf large language models (LLMs) and has evolved into multiple categories: human-based, optimization-based, generation-based, and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Xunguang Wang , Daoyuan Wu , Zhenlan Ji , Zongjie Li , Pingchuan Ma , Shuai Wang , Yingjiu Li , Yang Liu , Ning Liu , Juergen Rahmel

Jailbreak attacks on large language models (LLMs) aim to induce LLMs to produce content that they are expected to refuse. Automated black-box jailbreak generation is especially important for safety evaluation, where the attacker observes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Junke Zhang , Jianwei Wang , Sishuo Chen , Yizhang He , Qingshuai Feng , Zhengyi Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence, demonstrating remarkable computational power and linguistic capabilities. However, these models are inherently prone to various biases stemming from their training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Riccardo Cantini , Giada Cosenza , Alessio Orsino , Domenico Talia

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite advanced general capabilities, still suffer from numerous safety risks, especially jailbreak attacks that bypass safety protocols. Understanding these vulnerabilities through black-box jailbreak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yao Huang , Yitong Sun , Shouwei Ruan , Yichi Zhang , Yinpeng Dong , Xingxing Wei

Large language models (LLMs) have seen widespread applications across various domains, yet remain vulnerable to adversarial prompt injections. While most existing research on jailbreak attacks and hallucination phenomena has focused…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Linghan Huang , Haolin Jin , Zhaoge Bi , Pengyue Yang , Peizhou Zhao , Taozhao Chen , Xiongfei Wu , Lei Ma , Huaming Chen

With the development of natural language processing (NLP), large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly popular. LLMs are integrating more into everyday life, raising public concerns about their security vulnerabilities.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Ziqiu Wang , Jun Liu , Shengkai Zhang , Yang Yang

Despite advances in AI alignment, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks or jailbreaking, in which adversaries can modify prompts to induce unwanted behavior. While some defenses have been proposed, they have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Andy Zhou , Bo Li , Haohan Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs), especially their compact efficiency-oriented variants, remain susceptible to jailbreak attacks that can elicit harmful outputs despite extensive alignment efforts. Existing adversarial prompt generation…

The rapid progress in open-source large language models (LLMs) is significantly advancing AI development. Extensive efforts have been made before model release to align their behavior with human values, with the primary goal of ensuring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Yangsibo Huang , Samyak Gupta , Mengzhou Xia , Kai Li , Danqi Chen

Extensive efforts have been made before the public release of Large language models (LLMs) to align their behaviors with human values. However, even meticulously aligned LLMs remain vulnerable to malicious manipulations such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Zeguan Xiao , Yan Yang , Guanhua Chen , Yun Chen

Natural language interfaces to structured databases are becoming increasingly common, largely due to advances in large language models (LLMs) that enable users to query data using conversational input rather than formal query languages such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Farzad Nourmohammadzadeh Motlagh , Mehrdad Hajizadeh , Mehryar Majd , Pejman Najafi , Feng Cheng , Christoph Meinel

Inspired by the success of large language models (LLMs), there is a significant research shift from traditional graph learning methods to LLM-based graph frameworks, formally known as GraphLLMs. GraphLLMs leverage the reasoning power of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Qihai Zhang , Xinyue Sheng , Yuanfu Sun , Qiaoyu Tan

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to multi-turn jailbreaking attacks that exploit conversational context to bypass safety constraints gradually. These attacks target different harm categories through distinct conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Ragib Amin Nihal , Rui Wen , Kazuhiro Nakadai , Jun Sakuma

Large Language Models (LLMs), used in creative writing, code generation, and translation, generate text based on input sequences but are vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, where crafted prompts induce harmful outputs. Most jailbreak prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Xiaoxia Li , Siyuan Liang , Jiyi Zhang , Han Fang , Aishan Liu , Ee-Chien Chang

Large Language Model (LLM) jailbreak refers to a type of attack aimed to bypass the safeguard of an LLM to generate contents that are inconsistent with the safe usage guidelines. Based on the insights from the self-attention computation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Zhilong Wang , Haizhou Wang , Nanqing Luo , Lan Zhang , Xiaoyan Sun , Yebo Cao , Peng Liu

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in critical applications, ensuring their robustness and safety alignment remains a major challenge. Despite the overall success of alignment techniques such as reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Sajib Biswas , Mao Nishino , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Xiuwen Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen widespread applications across various domains due to their growing ability to process diverse types of input data, including text, audio, image and video. While LLMs have demonstrated outstanding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Chun Wai Chiu , Linghan Huang , Bo Li , Huaming Chen , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo

Aligned large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks, which bypass the safeguards of targeted LLMs and fool them into generating objectionable content. While initial defenses show promise against token-based threat…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Jiabao Ji , Bairu Hou , Alexander Robey , George J. Pappas , Hamed Hassani , Yang Zhang , Eric Wong , Shiyu Chang

Safety alignment in large language models (LLMs) is increasingly compromised by jailbreak attacks, which can manipulate these models to generate harmful or unintended content. Investigating these attacks is crucial for uncovering model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Linbao Li , Yannan Liu , Daojing He , Yu Li