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In the past few years, Language Models (LMs) have shown par-human capabilities in several domains. Despite their practical applications and exceeding user consumption, they are susceptible to jailbreaks when malicious input exploits the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Charlotte Siska , Anush Sankaran

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have become integral to a wide range of real-world applications by jointly reasoning over text and visual inputs. However, despite recent advances in safety alignment, MLLMs remain vulnerable to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xinkai Wang , Beibei Li , Zerui Shao , Ao Liu , Guangquan Xu , Shouling Ji

Large language models (LLMs), designed to provide helpful and safe responses, often rely on alignment techniques to align with user intent and social guidelines. Unfortunately, this alignment can be exploited by malicious actors seeking to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Raz Lapid , Ron Langberg , Moshe Sipper

We discover a novel and surprising phenomenon of unintentional misalignment in reasoning language models (RLMs), which we call self-jailbreaking. Specifically, after benign reasoning training on math or code domains, RLMs will use multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Zheng-Xin Yong , Stephen H. Bach

Jailbreak attacks to Large audio-language models (LALMs) are studied recently, but they exclusively focused on the attack scenario where the adversary can fully manipulate user prompts (named strong adversary) and limited in effectiveness,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Guangke Chen , Fu Song , Zhe Zhao , Xiaojun Jia , Yang Liu , Yanchen Qiao , Weizhe Zhang , Weiping Tu , Yuhong Yang , Bo Du

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant utility in a wide range of applications; however, their deployment is plagued by security vulnerabilities, notably jailbreak attacks. These attacks manipulate LLMs to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Wenlong Meng , Fan Zhang , Wendao Yao , Zhenyuan Guo , Yuwei Li , Chengkun Wei , Wenzhi Chen

While large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable capabilities across various tasks, they encounter potential security risks such as jailbreak attacks, which exploit vulnerabilities to bypass security measures and generate harmful…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Xinyuan Wang , Victor Shea-Jay Huang , Renmiao Chen , Hao Wang , Chengwei Pan , Lei Sha , Minlie Huang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Existing methods, primarily relying on discrete input optimization (e.g., GCG), often suffer from high computational costs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Wenpeng Xing , Mohan Li , Chunqiang Hu , Haitao Xu , Ningyu Zhang , Bo Lin , Meng Han

Jailbreak attacks represent one of the most sophisticated threats to the security of large language models (LLMs). To deal with such risks, we introduce an innovative framework that can help evaluate the effectiveness of jailbreak attacks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Dong Shu , Chong Zhang , Mingyu Jin , Zihao Zhou , Lingyao Li , Yongfeng Zhang

In the era of rapid generative AI development, interactions with large language models (LLMs) pose increasing risks of misuse. Prior research has primarily focused on attacks using template-based prompts and optimization-oriented methods,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Wenhan Chang , Tianqing Zhu , Yu Zhao , Shuangyong Song , Ping Xiong , Wanlei Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been equipped with safety mechanisms to prevent harmful outputs, but these guardrails can often be bypassed through "jailbreak" prompts. This paper introduces a novel graph-based approach to systematically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Sinan He , An Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed artificial intelligence by advancing natural language understanding and generation, enabling applications across fields beyond healthcare, software engineering, and conversational systems.…

This paper focuses on jailbreaking attacks against multi-modal large language models (MLLMs), seeking to elicit MLLMs to generate objectionable responses to harmful user queries. A maximum likelihood-based algorithm is proposed to find an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Zhenxing Niu , Haodong Ren , Xinbo Gao , Gang Hua , Rong Jin

With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), the safety of LLMs has become a critical concern. Despite significant efforts in safety alignment, current LLMs remain vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks. However, the root causes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yonghong Deng , Zhen Yang , Ping Jian , Xinyue Zhang , Zhongbin Guo , Chengzhi Li

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) face a distinct safety vulnerability: their internal reasoning chains may generate harmful content even when the final output appears benign. To address this overlooked risk, we first propose a novel attack…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Jianhao Chen , Mayi Xu , Haoyang Chen , Xiaohu Li , Xiangyu Zhang , Jianjie Huang , Zheng Wang , Xiaochun Cao , Tieyun Qian

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly attracting attention in various applications. Nonetheless, there is a growing concern as some users attempt to exploit these models for malicious purposes, including the synthesis of controlled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Chongwen Zhao , Zhihao Dou , Kaizhu Huang

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance in capabilities, ensuring their safety against jailbreak attacks remains a critical challenge. In this paper, we introduce a novel safety alignment approach called Answer-Then-Check, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Chentao Cao , Xiaojun Xu , Bo Han , Hang Li

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized natural language processing and significantly impacted code generation tasks, enhancing software development efficiency and productivity. Notably, LLMs like GPT-4 have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Sheng Ouyang , Yihao Qin , Bo Lin , Liqian Chen , Xiaoguang Mao , Shangwen Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, recent studies show that such alignment is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yinzhi Zhao , Ming Wang , Shi Feng , Xiaocui Yang , Daling Wang , Yifei Zhang

Despite their superior performance on a wide range of domains, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to misuse for generating harmful content, a risk that has been further amplified by various jailbreak attacks. Existing jailbreak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yukun Jiang , Mingjie Li , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang
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