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Scaling laws describe how learning performance improves with data, compute, or training time, and have become a central theme in modern deep learning. We study this phenomenon in a canonical nonlinear model: phase retrieval with anisotropic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-25 Guillaume Braun , Bruno Loureiro , Ha Quang Minh , Masaaki Imaizumi

Scaling law that rewards large datasets, complex models and enhanced data granularity has been observed in various fields of deep learning. Yet, studies on time series forecasting have cast doubt on scaling behaviors of deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Jingzhe Shi , Qinwei Ma , Huan Ma , Lei Li

We consider the solvable neural scaling model with three parameters: data complexity, target complexity, and model-parameter-count. We use this neural scaling model to derive new predictions about the compute-limited, infinite-data scaling…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-22 Elliot Paquette , Courtney Paquette , Lechao Xiao , Jeffrey Pennington

Learning arguably involves the discovery and memorization of abstract rules. The aim of this paper is to study associative memory mechanisms. Our model is based on high-dimensional matrices consisting of outer products of embeddings, which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-22 Vivien Cabannes , Elvis Dohmatob , Alberto Bietti

Neural scaling laws play a pivotal role in the performance of deep neural networks and have been observed in a wide range of tasks. However, a complete theoretical framework for understanding these scaling laws remains underdeveloped. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Hao Liu , Zecheng Zhang , Wenjing Liao , Hayden Schaeffer

Scaling laws are useful guides for derisking expensive training runs, as they predict performance of large models using cheaper, small-scale experiments. However, there remain gaps between current scaling studies and how language models are…

Although overparameterized models have achieved remarkable practical success, their theoretical properties, particularly their generalization behavior, remain incompletely understood. The well known double descents phenomenon suggests that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-06 Haoran Zhan , Yingcun Xia

Large genomic and imaging datasets can be used to train models that learn meaningful representations of cellular systems. Across domains, model performance improves predictably with dataset size and compute budget, providing a basis for…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-23 Gokul Gowri , Igor Sadalski , Dan Raviv , Peng Yin , Jonathan Rosenfeld , Allon M. Klein

Neural scaling laws, which in some domains can predict the performance of large neural networks as a function of model, data, and compute scale, are the cornerstone of building foundation models in Natural Language Processing and Computer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Shashank Subramanian , Alexander Kiefer , Arnur Nigmetov , Amir Gholami , Dmitriy Morozov , Michael W. Mahoney

As AI model size grows, neural scaling laws have become a crucial tool to predict the improvements of large models when increasing capacity and the size of original (human or natural) training data. Yet, the widespread use of popular models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Elvis Dohmatob , Yunzhen Feng , Pu Yang , Francois Charton , Julia Kempe

Scale has been a major driving force in improving machine learning performance, and understanding scaling laws is essential for strategic planning for a sustainable model quality performance growth, long-term resource planning and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Newsha Ardalani , Carole-Jean Wu , Zeliang Chen , Bhargav Bhushanam , Adnan Aziz

We perform an average case analysis of the generalization dynamics of large neural networks trained using gradient descent. We study the practically-relevant "high-dimensional" regime where the number of free parameters in the network is on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-11 Madhu S. Advani , Andrew M. Saxe

Neural scaling laws (NSL) refer to the phenomenon where model performance improves with scale. Sharma & Kaplan analyzed NSL using approximation theory and predict that MSE losses decay as $N^{-\alpha}$, $\alpha=4/d$, where $N$ is the number…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Ziming Liu , Max Tegmark

The performance of a language model has been shown to be effectively modeled as a power-law in its parameter count. Here we study the scaling behaviors of Routing Networks: architectures that conditionally use only a subset of their…

Empirically-determined scaling laws have been broadly successful in predicting the evolution of large machine learning models with training data and number of parameters. As a consequence, they have been useful for optimizing the allocation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Katherine L. Mentzer , Andrea Montanari

Neural scaling laws predict how language model performance improves with increased training inputs. While aggregate metrics like validation loss can follow smooth power-law curves, individual downstream tasks exhibit diverse scaling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Michael Y. Hu , Jane Pan , Ayush Rajesh Jhaveri , Nicholas Lourie , Kyunghyun Cho

Data-driven models are revolutionizing weather forecasting. To optimize training efficiency and model performance, this paper analyzes empirical scaling laws within this domain. We investigate the relationship between model performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Yuejiang Yu , Langwen Huang , Alexandru Calotoiu , Torsten Hoefler

In this work, we provide a sharp theory of scaling laws for two-layer neural networks trained on a class of hierarchical multi-index targets, in a genuinely representation-limited regime. We derive exact information-theoretic scaling laws…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-06 Leonardo Defilippis , Florent Krzakala , Bruno Loureiro , Antoine Maillard

We introduce a model for neural scaling laws under sparse activations. In the model, test loss is often dominated by rare coordinates that are never observed in the training input. This mechanism induces a novel bottleneck absent from dense…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-25 John Sous , Michael Winer

We study the problem of estimating vector-valued variables from noisy "relative" measurements. This problem arises in several sensor network applications. The measurement model can be expressed in terms of a graph, whose nodes correspond to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Prabir Barooah , Joao P. Hespanha