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In this article we study the problem of training intelligent agents using Reinforcement Learning for the purpose of game development. Unlike systems built to replace human players and to achieve super-human performance, our agents aim to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Alessandro Sestini , Alexander Kuhnle , Andrew D. Bagdanov

Designing missiles' autopilot controllers has been a complex task, given the extensive flight envelope and the nonlinear flight dynamics. A solution that can excel both in nominal performance and in robustness to uncertainties is still to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Bernardo Cortez

We introduce a real-time strategy game environment based on Generals.io, a game with thousands of weekly active players. Our environment is fully compatible with Gymnasium and PettingZoo and is capable of running thousands of frames per…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Matej Straka , Martin Schmid

In multi-agent settings, game theory is a natural framework for describing the strategic interactions of agents whose objectives depend upon one another's behavior. Trajectory games capture these complex effects by design. In competitive…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Lasse Peters , David Fridovich-Keil , Laura Ferranti , Cyrill Stachniss , Javier Alonso-Mora , Forrest Laine

Reinforcement learning is concerned with identifying reward-maximizing behaviour policies in environments that are initially unknown. State-of-the-art reinforcement learning approaches, such as deep Q-networks, are model-free and learn to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-18 Felix Leibfried , Nate Kushman , Katja Hofmann

In this paper, several techniques for learning game state evaluation functions by reinforcement are proposed. The first is a generalization of tree bootstrapping (tree learning): it is adapted to the context of reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Quentin Cohen-Solal

Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Kai Arulkumaran , Marc Peter Deisenroth , Miles Brundage , Anil Anthony Bharath

Reinforcement learning refers to a group of methods from artificial intelligence where an agent performs learning through trial and error. It differs from supervised learning, since reinforcement learning requires no explicit labels;…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Nicolas Pröllochs , Stefan Feuerriegel

Models and games are simplified representations of the world. There are many different kinds of models, all differing in complexity and which aspect of the world they allow us to further our understanding of. In this paper we focus on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Joseph Christian G. Noel

Reinforcement learning is one of the core components in designing an artificial intelligent system emphasizing real-time response. Reinforcement learning influences the system to take actions within an arbitrary environment either having…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-03 Amit Kumar Mondal

Recent progress in artificial intelligence through reinforcement learning (RL) has shown great success on increasingly complex single-agent environments and two-player turn-based games. However, the real-world contains multiple agents, each…

Reinforcement learning is a general methodology of adaptive optimal control that has attracted much attention in various fields ranging from video game industry to robot manipulators. Despite its remarkable performance demonstrations, plain…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-06-14 Pavel Osinenko , Grigory Yaremenko , Ilya Osokin

Recently, there have been several high-profile achievements of agents learning to play games against humans and beat them. In this paper, we study the problem of training intelligent agents in service of game development. Unlike the agents…

The existing network attack and defense method can be regarded as game, but most of the game only involves network domain, not multiple domain cyberspace. To address this challenge, this paper proposed a multiple domain cyberspace attack…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Lei Zhang , Yu Pan , Yi Liu , Qibin Zheng , Zhisong Pan

MOBA games, e.g., Honor of Kings, League of Legends, and Dota 2, pose grand challenges to AI systems such as multi-agent, enormous state-action space, complex action control, etc. Developing AI for playing MOBA games has raised much…

Reinforcement Learning is one of the most advanced set of algorithms known to mankind which can compete in games and perform at par or even better than humans. In this paper we study most popular model free reinforcement learning algorithms…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Divyanshu Marwah , Sneha Srivastava , Anusha Gupta , Shruti Verma

We study automated intrusion prevention using reinforcement learning. Following a novel approach, we formulate the interaction between an attacker and a defender as an optimal stopping game and let attack and defense strategies evolve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Kim Hammar , Rolf Stadler

Recent breakthroughs in Large Language Models (LLMs) have positioned them as a promising paradigm for agents, with long-term planning and decision-making emerging as core general-purpose capabilities for adapting to diverse scenarios and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Dawei Wang , Chengming Zhou , Di Zhao , Xinyuan Liu , Marci Chi Ma , Gary Ushaw , Richard Davison

In some game scenarios, due to the uncertainty of the number of enemy units and the priority of various attributes, the evaluation of the threat level of enemy units as well as the screening has been a challenging research topic, and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Wuzhou Sun , Siyi Li , Qingxiang Zou , Zixing Liao

The rapid pace of recent research in AI has been driven in part by the presence of fast and challenging simulation environments. These environments often take the form of games; with tasks ranging from simple board games, to competitive…