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In recent years a lot of research has been conducted within the area of causal inference and causal learning. Many methods have been developed to identify the cause-effect pairs in models and have been successfully applied to observational…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-08-26 Benjamin Kap

Applied researchers in biomedicine and related fields are often interested in estimating the causal effect of a treatment or intervention. Although randomized clinical trials are considered the gold standard for establishing causal effects,…

The regression discontinuity design (RDD) is a quasi-experimental design that can be used to identify and estimate the causal effect of a treatment using observational data. In an RDD, a pre-specified rule is used for treatment assignment,…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-01-05 Panayiota Constantinou , Aidan G. O'Keeffe

Multivariate time series in domains such as finance, climate science, and healthcare often exhibit long-term trends, seasonal patterns, and short-term fluctuations, complicating causal inference under non-stationarity and autocorrelation.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Muhammad Hasan Ferdous , Md Osman Gani

If $X,Y,Z$ denote sets of random variables, two different data sources may contain samples from $P_{X,Y}$ and $P_{Y,Z}$, respectively. We argue that causal discovery can help inferring properties of the `unobserved joint distributions'…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-12 Dominik Janzing , Philipp M. Faller , Leena Chennuru Vankadara

Causal discovery estimates the underlying physical process that generates the observed data: does X cause Y or does Y cause X? Current methodologies use structural conditions to turn the causal query into a statistical query, when only…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-14 Martin Jørgensen , Søren Hauberg

Natural dynamical systems, including the brain and climate, are highly nonlinear and complex. Determining information flow among the components that make up these dynamical systems is challenging. If the components are the result of a…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2025-08-26 Claudia Lainscsek , Pariya Salami , Simon Draeger , Sydney S. Cash , Terrence J. Sejnowski

We consider to learn a causal ordering of variables in a linear non-Gaussian acyclic model called LiNGAM. Several existing methods have been shown to consistently estimate a causal ordering assuming that all the model assumptions are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2012-04-10 Tatsuya Tashiro , Shohei Shimizu , Aapo Hyvarinen , Takashi Washio

Causal analysis has become an essential component in understanding the underlying causes of phenomena across various fields. Despite its significance, existing literature on causal discovery algorithms is fragmented, with inconsistent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Wenjin Niu , Zijun Gao , Liyan Song , Lingbo Li

Inferring the causal relationships among a set of variables in the form of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is an important but notoriously challenging problem. Recently, advancements in high-throughput genomic perturbation screens have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Seong Woo Han , Daniel Duy Vo , Brielin C. Brown

Causal inference can estimate causal effects, but unless data are collected experimentally, statistical analyses must rely on pre-specified causal models. Causal discovery algorithms are empirical methods for constructing such causal models…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-17 Anne Helby Petersen , Joseph Ramsey , Claus Thorn Ekstrøm , Peter Spirtes

Approaches to bivariate causal discovery based on the minimum description length (MDL) principle approximate the (uncomputable) Kolmogorov complexity of the models in each causal direction, selecting the one with the lower total complexity.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Tiago Brogueira , Mário A. T. Figueiredo

This paper proposes a novel framework for causal discovery with asymmetric error control, called Neyman-Pearson causal discovery. Despite the importance of applications where different types of edge errors may have different importance,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-30 Joni Shaska , Urbashi Mitra

We propose GaussDetect-LiNGAM, a novel approach for bivariate causal discovery that eliminates the need for explicit Gaussianity tests by leveraging a fundamental equivalence between noise Gaussianity and residual independence in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Ziyi Ding , Xiao-Ping Zhang

A very important topic in systems biology is developing statistical methods that automatically find causal relations in gene regulatory networks with no prior knowledge of causal connectivity. Many methods have been developed for time…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2012-08-22 Shohei Shimizu

Causal discovery studies the problem of mining causal relationships between variables from data, which is of primary interest in science. During the past decades, significant amount of progresses have been made toward this fundamental data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-28 Kui Yu , Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu

We consider learning the possible causal direction of two observed variables in the presence of latent confounding variables. Several existing methods have been shown to consistently estimate causal direction assuming linear or some type of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-05-21 Shohei Shimizu , Kenneth Bollen

A new causal discovery method, Structural Agnostic Modeling (SAM), is presented in this paper. Leveraging both conditional independencies and distributional asymmetries, SAM aims to find the underlying causal structure from observational…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-26 Diviyan Kalainathan , Olivier Goudet , Isabelle Guyon , David Lopez-Paz , Michèle Sebag

Directed acyclic graphs have been used fruitfully to represent causal strucures (Pearl 1988). However, in the social sciences and elsewhere models are often used which correspond both causally and statistically to directed graphs with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-24 Thomas S. Richardson

Causal representation learning seeks to uncover causal relationships among high-level latent variables from low-level, entangled, and noisy observations. Existing approaches often either rely on deep neural networks, which lack…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-27 Wenjin Zhang , Yixin Wang , Yuqi Gu
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