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The coherent Ising machine (CIM) is a quantum-inspired computing platform that leverages optical parametric oscillation dynamics to solve combinatorial optimization problems by searching for the ground state of an Ising Hamiltonian.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-18 Yan Chen Jiang , Lu Ma , Chuan Wang , Tie Jun Wang

We present an oscillator model with both phase and amplitude dynamics for oscillator-based Ising machines (OIMs). The model targets combinatorial optimization problems with polynomial cost functions of arbitrary order and addresses…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Lianlong Sun , Matthew X. Burns , Michael C. Huang

Ising machines are a form of quantum-inspired processing-in-memory computer which has shown great promise for overcoming the limitations of traditional computing paradigms while operating at a fraction of the energy use. The process of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-18 Isaac K. Martin , Andrew G. Moore , John T. Daly , Jess J. Meyer , Teresa M. Ranadive

Oscillator-based Ising/Potts machines (OIMs/OPMs) are promising hardware accelerators for NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems using coupled oscillator synchronization dynamics. Analog OIMs/OPMs offer speed advantages but have…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yilmaz Ege Gonul , Baris Taskin

The past decade has seen the emergence of Ising machines targeting hard combinatorial optimization problems by minimizing the Ising Hamiltonian with spins represented by continuous dynamical variables. However, capabilities of these…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Aditya Shukla , Mikhail Erementchouk , Pinaki Mazumder

We show that the nonlinear stochastic dynamics of a measurement-feedback-based coherent Ising machine (MFB-CIM) in the presence of quantum noise can be exploited to sample degenerate ground and low-energy spin configurations of the Ising…

Combinatorial optimization problems are computationally hard in general, but they are ubiquitous in our modern life. A coherent Ising machine (CIM) based on a multiple-pulse degenerate optical parametric oscillator (DOPO) is an alternative…

Ising Machines (IMs) are physical systems designed to find solutions to combinatorial optimization (CO) problems mapped onto the IM via the coupling strengths of its binary spins. Using the intrinsic dynamics and different annealing…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-06-04 Afshin Houshang , Mohammad Zahedinejad , Shreyas Muralidhar , Jakub Checinski , Ahmad A. Awad , Johan Åkerman

Combinatorial optimization problems can be mapped onto Ising models, and their ground state is generally difficult to find. A lot of heuristics for these problems have been proposed, and one promising approach is to use continuous…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-11-03 Shintaro Sato

Oscillator-based Ising machines (OIMs) and oscillator-based Potts machines (OPMs) have emerged as promising hardware accelerators for solving NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems by leveraging the phase dynamics of coupled…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yilmaz Ege Gonul , Ceyhun Efe Kayan , Ilknur Mustafazade , Nagarajan Kandasamy , Baris Taskin

Probabilistic computing with pbits is emerging as a computational paradigm for machine learning and for facing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) with the so-called probabilistic Ising machines (PIMs). From a hardware point of view,…

We present a theoretical analysis of Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) sequence estimation for binary symmetric hidden Markov processes. We reduce the MAP estimation to the energy minimization of an appropriately defined Ising spin model, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-06-11 Armen Allahverdyan , Aram Galstyan

We study large networks of parametric oscillators as heuristic solvers of random Ising models. In these networks, known as coherent Ising machines, the model to be solved is encoded in the coupling between the oscillators, and a solution is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-04-12 Marcello Calvanese Strinati , Leon Bello , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre , Avi Pe'er

The quantum theory of coherent Ising machines, based on degenerate optical parametric oscillators and measurement-feedback circuits, is developed using the positive $P({\alpha},{\beta})$ representation of the density operator and the master…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-22 Taime Shoji , Kazuyuki Aihara , Yoshihisa Yamamoto

Optimization problems, particularly NP-Hard Combinatorial Optimization problems, are some of the hardest computing problems with no known polynomial time algorithm existing. Recently there has been interest in using dedicated hardware to…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Saavan Patel , Lili Chen , Philip Canoza , Sayeef Salahuddin

The Ising machine is an unconventional computing architecture that can be used to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems more efficiently than traditional von Neumann architectures. Fast, compact oscillator networks which provide…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-10-20 Brooke C. McGoldrick , Jonathan Z. Sun , Luqiao Liu

The coherent Ising machine (CIM) enables efficient sampling of low-lying energy states of the Ising Hamiltonian with all-to-all connectivity by encoding the spins in the amplitudes of pulsed modes in an optical parametric oscillator (OPO).…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-22 Egor S. Tiunov , Alexander E. Ulanov , A. I. Lvovsky

Combinatorial optimization has wide applications from industry to natural science. Ising machines bring an emerging computing paradigm for efficiently solving a combinatorial optimization problem by searching a ground state of a given Ising…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-07-16 Kentaro Ohno , Tatsuhiko Shirai , Nozomu Togawa

Ising machines are purported to be better at solving large-scale combinatorial optimisation problems better than conventional von Neumann computers. However, these Ising machines are widely believed to be heuristics, whose promise is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-08 Sayantan Pramanik , Sourav Chatterjee , Harshkumar Oza

A coherent Ising machine (CIM) is a network of optical parametric oscillators (OPOs), in which the "strongest" collective mode of oscillation at well above threshold corresponds to an optimum solution of a given Ising problem. When a pump…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-28 Y. Yamamoto , T. Leleu , S. Ganguli , H. Mabuchi