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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in handling complex reasoning tasks by generating step-by-step rationales.Some methods have proven effective in boosting accuracy by introducing extra verifiers to assess…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Mingqian He , Yongliang Shen , Wenqi Zhang , Zeqi Tan , Weiming Lu

Despite the advancements of open-source large language models (LLMs), e.g., LLaMA, they remain significantly limited in tool-use capabilities, i.e., using external tools (APIs) to fulfill human instructions. The reason is that current…

Tool learning with foundation models aims to endow AI systems with the ability to invoke external resources -- such as APIs, computational utilities, and specialized models -- to solve complex tasks beyond the reach of standalone language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Gabriele Mattioli , Evelyn Turri , Sara Sarto , Lorenzo Baraldi , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable advancements by leveraging tools to interact with environments, a critical step toward generalized AI. However, the standard supervised fine-tuning (SFT) approach, which relies on large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Junjie Ye , Yilong Wu , Sixian Li , Yuming Yang , Zhiheng Xi , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang , Peng Wang , Zhongchao Shi , Jianping Fan , Zhengyin Du

Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) enables large language models (LLMs) to improve their internal reasoning ability by integrating external tools. However, models employing TIR often display suboptimal behaviors, such as insufficient or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yifei Chen , Guanting Dong , Zhicheng Dou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated proficiency in addressing tasks that necessitate a combination of task planning and the usage of external tools that require a blend of task planning and the utilization of external tools, such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Yilun Kong , Jingqing Ruan , Yihong Chen , Bin Zhang , Tianpeng Bao , Shiwei Shi , Guoqing Du , Xiaoru Hu , Hangyu Mao , Ziyue Li , Xingyu Zeng , Rui Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely adopted due to their remarkable performance across various applications, driving the accelerated development of a large number of diverse models. However, these individual LLMs show limitations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Kaushal Kumar Maurya , KV Aditya Srivatsa , Ekaterina Kochmar

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of AI, demonstrating unprecedented capacity across various tasks. However, the inference process for LLMs comes with significant computational costs. In this paper, we propose an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Zangwei Zheng , Xiaozhe Ren , Fuzhao Xue , Yang Luo , Xin Jiang , Yang You

Large Language Models (LLMs) have succeeded remarkably in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, yet their reasoning capabilities remain a fundamental challenge. While LLMs exhibit impressive fluency and factual recall, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Avinash Patil , Aryan Jadon

Recent advancements in tool learning have enabled large language models (LLMs) to integrate external tools, enhancing their task performance by expanding their knowledge boundaries. However, relying on tools often introduces tradeoffs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Hongshen Xu , Zihan Wang , Zichen Zhu , Lei Pan , Xingyu Chen , Lu Chen , Kai Yu

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP) by excelling at understanding and generating human-like text. However, their widespread deployment can be prohibitively expensive. SortedNet is a recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Parsa Kavehzadeh , Mojtaba Valipour , Marzieh Tahaei , Ali Ghodsi , Boxing Chen , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in language understanding and reasoning, yet they remain limited when tackling real-world tasks that require up-to-date knowledge, precise operations, or specialized tool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yabo Zhang , Yihan Zeng , Qingyun Li , Zhen Hu , Kavin Han , Wangmeng Zuo

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with external tools has emerged as a promising approach to extend their utility, enabling them to solve practical tasks. Previous methods manually parse tool documentation and create in-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zhengliang Shi , Shen Gao , Lingyong Yan , Yue Feng , Xiuyi Chen , Zhumin Chen , Dawei Yin , Suzan Verberne , Zhaochun Ren

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. While these models excel in general complex reasoning tasks, they still face challenges in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Graziano A. Manduzio , Federico A. Galatolo , Mario G. C. A. Cimino , Enzo Pasquale Scilingo , Lorenzo Cominelli

Travel choice analysis is crucial for understanding individual travel behavior to develop appropriate transport policies and recommendation systems in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Despite extensive research, this domain faces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Xuehao Zhai , Hanlin Tian , Lintong Li , Tianyu Zhao

This paper deals with improving querying large language models (LLMs). It is well-known that without relevant contextual information, LLMs can provide poor quality responses or tend to hallucinate. Several initiatives have proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Nripesh Niketan , Hadj Batatia

The potential of large language models (LLMs) as decision support tools is increasingly being explored in fields such as business, engineering, and medicine, which often face challenging tasks of decision-making under uncertainty. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Ollie Liu , Deqing Fu , Dani Yogatama , Willie Neiswanger

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into automated algorithm design has shown promising potential. A prevalent approach embeds LLMs within search routines to iteratively generate and refine candidate algorithms. However, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Fei Liu , Rui Zhang , Xi Lin , Zhichao Lu , Qingfu Zhang

Large Language Models have excelled in remarkable reasoning capabilities with advanced prompting techniques, but they fall short on tasks that require exploration, strategic foresight, and sequential decision-making. Recent works propose to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Zheyu Zhang , Zhuorui Ye , Yikang Shen , Chuang Gan

Tool learning has emerged as a promising direction by extending Large Language Models' (LLMs) capabilities with external tools. Existing tool learning studies primarily focus on the general-purpose tool-use capability, which addresses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Qiancheng Xu , Yongqi Li , Heming Xia , Fan Liu , Min Yang , Wenjie Li
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