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We present Snapshot-QAOA, a variation of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) that finds approximate minimum energy eigenstates of a large set of quantum Hamiltonians (i.e. Hamiltonians with non-diagonal terms).…

Current state-of-the-art quantum optimization algorithms require representing the original problem as a binary optimization problem, which is then converted into an equivalent cost Hamiltonian suitable for the quantum device. Implementing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Bence Bakó , Adam Glos , Özlem Salehi , Zoltán Zimborás

The aircraft loading optimization problem is a computationally hard problem with the best known classical algorithm scaling exponentially with the number of objects. We propose a quantum approach based on a multi-angle variant of the QAOA…

In the search for quantum advantage in real--world problems, one promising avenue is to use a quantum algorithm to improve on the solution found using an efficient classical algorithm. The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-25 Yunlong Yu , Xiang-Bin Wang , Nic Shannon , Robert Joynt

Mixed discrete-continuous optimization is central to engineering design, where discrete choices interact with continuous fields. These problems are difficult due to high-dimensional, complex search spaces. To tackle them, Quantum Annealing…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Fabian Key , Lukas Freinberger , Mayu Muramatsu , Norbert Hosters

Quantum computing may provide advantage in solving classical optimization problems. One promising algorithm is the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). There have been many proposals for improving this algorithm, such as using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-17 Vishvesha K. Sridhar , Yanzhu Chen , Bryan Gard , Edwin Barnes , Sophia E. Economou

Quantum optimization algorithms (QOAs) have the potential to fundamentally transform the application of optimization methods in decision making. For certain classes of optimization problems, it is widely believed that QOA enables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-15 Florian Klug

There exist numerous problems in nature inherently described by finite $D$-dimensional states. Formulating these problems for execution on qubit-based quantum hardware requires mapping the qudit Hilbert space to that of multiqubit which may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-23 Shakib Daryanoosh

Constrained binary optimization aims to find an optimal assignment to minimize or maximize the objective meanwhile satisfying the constraints, which is a representative NP problem in various domains, including transportation, scheduling,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-18 Debin Xiang , Qifan Jiang , Liqiang Lu , Siwei Tan , Jianwei Yin

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum systems offer a natural framework for continuous optimization through their infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. In this paper, we propose the Complex Continuous-Variable Quantum Approximate Optimization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Raneem Madani , Abdel Lisser , Zeno Toffano

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is one of the most promising candidates for achieving quantum advantage over classical computers. However, existing compilers lack specialized methods for optimizing QAOA circuits. There…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-19 Yuchen Zhu , Yidong Zhou , Jinglei Cheng , Yuwei Jin , Boxi Li , Siyuan Niu , Zhiding Liang

We study fundamental limitations of the generic Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) on constrained problems where valid solutions form a low dimensional manifold inside the Boolean hypercube, and we present a provable route to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Chinonso Onah , Kristel Michielsen

Quantum computing holds promise for outperforming classical computing in specialized applications such as optimization. With current Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, only variational quantum algorithms like the Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Daniel Müssig , Markus Wappler , Steve Lenk , Jörg Lässig

In the present Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ), hybrid algorithms that leverage classical resources to reduce quantum costs are particularly appealing. We formulate and apply such a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm to a power…

The present tutorial aims to provide a comprehensible and easily accessible introduction into the theory and implementation of the famous Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). We lay our focus on practical aspects and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Andreas Sturm

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising variational algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems on near-term devices. However, as the number of layers in a QAOA circuit increases, which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Owain Parry , Phil McMinn

Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers (NISQ computers) are now readily available, motivating many researchers to experiment with Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs). Among them, the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-13 Camille Grange , Michael Poss , Eric Bourreau

This study explores the implementation of the Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) in its analog form using a neutral atom quantum processing unit to solve the Maximum Independent Set problem. The analog QAOA leverages the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Simone Tibaldi , Lucas Leclerc , Davide Vodola , Edoardo Tignone , Elisa Ercolessi

High error rates and limited fidelity of quantum gates in near-term quantum devices are the central obstacles to successful execution of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). In this paper we introduce an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-16 Ruslan Shaydulin , Alexey Galda

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a variational method for noisy, intermediate-scale quantum computers to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Quantifying performance bounds with respect to specific problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-30 Phillip C. Lotshaw , Travis S. Humble , Rebekah Herrman , James Ostrowski , George Siopsis