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Proximal causal learning is a promising framework for identifying the causal effect under the existence of unmeasured confounders. Within this framework, the doubly robust (DR) estimator was derived and has shown its effectiveness in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-12 Yong Wu , Yanwei Fu , Shouyan Wang , Xinwei Sun

We consider Dynamic Treatment Regimes (DTRs) with One Sided Noncompliance that arise in applications such as digital recommendations and adaptive medical trials. These are settings where decision makers encourage individuals to take…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-05-06 Ravi B. Sojitra , Vasilis Syrgkanis

Difference-in-differences (DiD) is a cornerstone of causal inference, yet extending it to functional outcomes is not a routine scalar generalization; rather, it entails three fundamental challenges in identification, inference, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Junzhu Nie , Chengxiu Ling , Mengfei Ran

This article investigates the model-robustness of fixed-effects models for analyzing a broad class of longitudinal cluster trials (CTs) such as stepped-wedge, parallel-with-baseline and crossover designs, encompassing both randomized (CRTs)…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-10 Kenneth M. Lee , Fan Li

The regression discontinuity design (RDD) is a quasi-experimental design that can be used to identify and estimate the causal effect of a treatment using observational data. In an RDD, a pre-specified rule is used for treatment assignment,…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-01-05 Panayiota Constantinou , Aidan G. O'Keeffe

In this survey we discuss the recent causal panel data literature. This recent literature has focused on credibly estimating causal effects of binary interventions in settings with longitudinal data, emphasizing practical advice for…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-06-26 Dmitry Arkhangelsky , Guido Imbens

Functional data are increasingly prevalent in biomedical research. While functional data analysis has been established for decades, causal inference with functional treatments remains largely unexplored. Existing methods typically focus on…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-11 Ziren Jiang , Erjia Cui , Jared D. Huling

The goal of precision medicine is to provide individualized treatment at each stage of chronic diseases, a concept formalized by Dynamic Treatment Regimes (DTR). These regimes adapt treatment strategies based on decision rules learned from…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-09 Sophia Yazzourh , Nicolas Savy , Philippe Saint-Pierre , Michael R. Kosorok

Causal inference, estimating causal effects from observational data, is a fundamental tool in many disciplines. Of particular importance across a variety of domains is the continuous treatment setting, where the variable of intervention has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Christopher Stith , Medha Barath , Vahid Balazadeh , Jesse C. Cresswell , Rahul G. Krishnan

Routinely collected data from electronic health records (EHR) provide opportunities to study effects of longitudinal treatment strategies in real-world clinical settings. A challenge presented by EHR data is that frequency of covariate…

Applications · Statistics 2026-04-14 Leah Pirondini , Karla Diaz-Ordaz , Edward Palmer , Ruth H. Keogh

Functional data is a powerful tool for capturing and analyzing complex patterns and relationships in a variety of fields, allowing for more precise modeling, visualization, and decision-making. For example, in healthcare, functional data…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-26 Xiyuan Gao , Jiayi Wang , Guanyu Hu , Jianguo Sun

Sequential multiple assignment randomized trials (SMARTs) are used to construct data-driven optimal intervention strategies for subjects based on their intervention and covariate histories in different branches of health and behavioral…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-28 Palash Ghosh , Xiaoxi Yan , Bibhas Chakraborty

Many clinical questions involve estimating the effects of multiple treatments using observational data. When using longitudinal data, the interest is often in the effect of treatment strategies that involve sustaining treatment over time.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-03 Emily Granger , Gwyneth Davies , Ruth H. Keogh

Understanding and quantifying cause and effect is an important problem in many domains. The generally-agreed solution to this problem is to perform a randomised controlled trial. However, even when randomised controlled trials can be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-22 Graham Van Goffrier , Lucas Maystre , Ciarán Gilligan-Lee

We develop and evaluate tolerance interval methods for dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) that can provide more detailed prognostic information to patients who will follow an estimated optimal regime. Although the problem of constructing…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-04-26 Daniel J. Lizotte , Arezoo Tahmasebi

We study the identification and estimation of long-term treatment effects when both experimental and observational data are available. Since the long-term outcome is observed only after a long delay, it is not measured in the experimental…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-04 Guido Imbens , Nathan Kallus , Xiaojie Mao , Yuhao Wang

Dynamic treatment regimens (DTRs) aim at tailoring individualized sequential treatment rules that maximize cumulative beneficial outcomes by accommodating patients' heterogeneity in decision-making. For many chronic diseases including type…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-23 Mochuan Liu , Yuanjia Wang , Haoda Fu , Donglin Zeng

In recent years, research interest in personalised treatments has been growing. However, treatment effect heterogeneity and possibly time-varying treatment effects are still often overlooked in clinical studies. Statistical tools are needed…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-27 Caterina Gregorio , Giovanni Baj , Giulia Barbati , Francesca Ieva

A growing number of scholars seek to estimate causal effects of unstructured data such as text, images, and video. However, existing methods typically treat each object as a single, static observation. We develop a statistical framework for…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Kentaro Nakamura , Kosuke Imai

Longitudinal study designs are indispensable for studying disease progression. Inferring covariate effects from longitudinal data, however, requires interpretable methods that can model complicated covariance structures and detect nonlinear…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-27 Juho Timonen , Henrik Mannerström , Aki Vehtari , Harri Lähdesmäki