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The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a key technique for scaling Large Language Models by activating only a subset of experts per query. Deploying MoE on consumer-grade edge hardware, however, is constrained by limited…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Guoying Zhu , Meng Li , Haipeng Dai , Xuechen Liu , Weijun Wang , Keran Li , Jun xiao , Ligeng Chen , Wei Wang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have emerged as a dominant paradigm for efficient LLM scaling, yet adapting them to non-English downstream tasks remains challenging. Existing fine-tuning approaches treat MoE models as monolithic learners,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Guanzhi Deng , Kuan Wu , Haibo Wang , Shing Yin Wong , Sichun Luo , Linqi Song

Mixture of experts (MoE), introduced over 20 years ago, is the simplest gated modular neural network architecture. There is renewed interest in MoE because the conditional computation allows only parts of the network to be used during each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Yamuna Krishnamurthy , Chris Watkins , Thomas Gaertner

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained immense success in revolutionizing various applications, including content generation, search and recommendation, and AI-assisted operation. To reduce high training costs, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hanfei Yu , Xingqi Cui , Hong Zhang , Hao Wang , Hao Wang

Large language models are typically deployed as monolithic systems, requiring the full model even when applications need only a narrow subset of capabilities, e.g., code, math, or domain-specific knowledge. Mixture-of-Experts (MoEs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ryan Wang , Akshita Bhagia , Sewon Min

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) enjoys performance gain by increasing model capacity while keeping computation cost constant. When comparing MoE to dense models, prior work typically adopt the following setting: 1) use FLOPs or activated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Xianzhi Du , Tom Gunter , Xiang Kong , Mark Lee , Zirui Wang , Aonan Zhang , Nan Du , Ruoming Pang

Mixture of Experts (MoE) are rising in popularity as a means to train extremely large-scale models, yet allowing for a reasonable computational cost at inference time. Recent state-of-the-art approaches usually assume a large number of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Amelie Royer , Ilia Karmanov , Andrii Skliar , Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi , Tijmen Blankevoort

We present MegaScale-MoE, a production system tailored for the efficient training of large-scale mixture-of-experts (MoE) models. MoE emerges as a promising architecture to scale large language models (LLMs) to unprecedented sizes, thereby…

Large language models (LLMs) are typically fine-tuned on diverse and extensive datasets sourced from various origins to develop a comprehensive range of skills, such as writing, reasoning, chatting, coding, and more. Each skill has unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Minghao Wu , Thuy-Trang Vu , Lizhen Qu , Gholamreza Haffari

The field of natural language processing (NLP) has made significant strides in recent years, particularly in the development of large-scale vision-language models (VLMs). These models aim to bridge the gap between text and visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Sheng Shen , Zhewei Yao , Chunyuan Li , Trevor Darrell , Kurt Keutzer , Yuxiong He

Large language models (LLMs) based on transformers have made significant strides in recent years, the success of which is driven by scaling up their model size. Despite their high algorithmic performance, the computational and memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Ranggi Hwang , Jianyu Wei , Shijie Cao , Changho Hwang , Xiaohu Tang , Ting Cao , Mao Yang

Sparsely gated Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have been shown to be a compute-efficient method to scale model capacity for multilingual machine translation. However, for low-resource tasks, MoE models severely over-fit. We show effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Maha Elbayad , Anna Sun , Shruti Bhosale

Recent studies have shown that combining parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) with mixture-of-experts (MoE) is an effective strategy for adapting large language models (LLMs) to the downstream tasks. However, most existing approaches rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yuan Zhuang , Yi Shen , Yuexin Bian , Qing Su , Shihao Ji , Yuanyuan Shi , Fei Miao

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a prominent architecture for scaling model size while maintaining computational efficiency. In MoE, each token in the input sequence activates a different subset of experts determined by a routing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Chufan Shi , Cheng Yang , Xinyu Zhu , Jiahao Wang , Taiqiang Wu , Siheng Li , Deng Cai , Yujiu Yang , Yu Meng

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) is becoming popular due to its success in improving the model quality, especially in Transformers. By routing tokens with a sparse gate to a few experts (i.e., a small pieces of the full model), MoE can easily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Xiaonan Nie , Xupeng Miao , Shijie Cao , Lingxiao Ma , Qibin Liu , Jilong Xue , Youshan Miao , Yi Liu , Zhi Yang , Bin Cui

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a powerful paradigm for scaling large language models (LLMs) while maintaining inference efficiency. However, their enormous memory requirements make them prohibitively expensive to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zichong Li , Chen Liang , Zixuan Zhang , Ilgee Hong , Young Jin Kim , Weizhu Chen , Tuo Zhao

Recent advancements have shown that the Mixture of Experts (MoE) approach significantly enhances the capacity of large language models (LLMs) and improves performance on downstream tasks. Building on these promising results, multi-modal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Linglin Jing , Yuting Gao , Zhigang Wang , Wang Lan , Yiwen Tang , Wenhai Wang , Kaipeng Zhang , Qingpei Guo

Recent advancements in general-purpose or domain-specific multimodal large language models (LLMs) have witnessed remarkable progress for medical decision-making. However, they are designated for specific classification or generative tasks,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Songtao Jiang , Tuo Zheng , Yan Zhang , Yeying Jin , Li Yuan , Zuozhu Liu

Sparsely gated Mixture-of-Expert (MoE) has demonstrated its effectiveness in scaling up deep neural networks to an extreme scale. Despite that numerous efforts have been made to improve the performance of MoE from the model design or system…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Chang Chen , Min Li , Zhihua Wu , Dianhai Yu , Chao Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements, but their monolithic nature presents challenges in terms of scalability, cost, and customization. This paper introduces the Composition of Experts (CoE), a modular compound…