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Membership inference attacks (MIAs) are widely used to assess the privacy risks associated with machine learning models. However, when these attacks are applied to pre-trained large language models (LLMs), they encounter significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Meng Tong , Yuntao Du , Kejiang Chen , Weiming Zhang , Ninghui Li

Large Multimodal Language Models (MLLMs) are emerging as one of the foundational tools in an expanding range of applications. Consequently, understanding training-data leakage in these systems is increasingly critical. Log-probability-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Ziyi Tong , Feifei Sun , Le Minh Nguyen

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great performance across various benchmarks, showing potential as general-purpose task solvers. However, as LLMs are typically trained on vast amounts of data, a significant concern in their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yujuan Fu , Ozlem Uzuner , Meliha Yetisgen , Fei Xia

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) aim to determine whether a specific example was used to train a given language model. While prior work has explored prompt-based attacks such as ReCALL, these methods rely heavily on the assumption that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Gyuwan Kim , Yang Li , Evangelia Spiliopoulou , Jie Ma , William Yang Wang

As large language models (LLMs) are trained on increasingly vast and opaque text corpora, determining which data contributed to training has become essential for copyright enforcement, compliance auditing, and user trust. While prior work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Pranav Shetty , Mirazul Haque , Zhiqiang Ma , Xiaomo Liu

OpenLVLM-MIA is a new benchmark that highlights fundamental challenges in evaluating membership inference attacks (MIA) against large vision-language models (LVLMs). While prior work has reported high attack success rates, our analysis…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Ryoto Miyamoto , Xin Fan , Fuyuko Kido , Tsuneo Matsumoto , Hayato Yamana

Whether LLMs memorize their training data and what this means, from measuring privacy leakage to detecting copyright violations, has become a rapidly growing area of research. In the last few months, more than 10 new methods have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Matthieu Meeus , Igor Shilov , Shubham Jain , Manuel Faysse , Marek Rei , Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye

Membership Inference Attack (MIA) aims to determine whether a specific data sample was included in the training dataset of a target model. Traditional MIA approaches rely on shadow models to mimic target model behavior, but their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Li Cuihong , Huang Xiaowen , Yin Chuanhuan , Sang Jitao

Training machine learning models on privacy-sensitive data has become a popular practice, driving innovation in ever-expanding fields. This has opened the door to new attacks that can have serious privacy implications. One such attack, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Thomas Humphries , Simon Oya , Lindsey Tulloch , Matthew Rafuse , Ian Goldberg , Urs Hengartner , Florian Kerschbaum

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) against machine learning (ML) models aim to determine whether a given data point was part of the model training data. These attacks may pose significant privacy risks to individuals whose sensitive data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Mona Khalil , Alberto Blanco-Justicia , Najeeb Jebreel , Josep Domingo-Ferrer

Large language models (LLMs) have become the backbone of modern natural language processing but pose privacy concerns about leaking sensitive training data. Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which aim to infer whether a sample is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Toan Tran , Ruixuan Liu , Li Xiong

Membership inference attacks (MIA) try to detect if data samples were used to train a neural network model, e.g. to detect copyright abuses. We show that models with higher dimensional input and output are more vulnerable to MIA, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Avital Shafran , Shmuel Peleg , Yedid Hoshen

Large language models (LLMs) are trained on massive web-scale corpora, raising growing concerns about privacy and copyright. Membership inference attacks (MIAs) aim to determine whether a given example was used during training. Existing LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Ravi Ranjan , Utkarsh Grover , Xiaomin Lin , Agoritsa Polyzou

Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which enable adversaries to determine whether specific data points were part of a model's training dataset, have emerged as an important framework to understand, assess, and quantify the potential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Toan Tran , Olivera Kotevska , Li Xiong

Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained on large-scale web data, which makes it difficult to grasp the contribution of each text. This poses the risk of leaking inappropriate data such as benchmarks, personal information, and copyrighted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Masahiro Kaneko , Youmi Ma , Yuki Wata , Naoaki Okazaki

Membership Inference Attacks (MIA) aim to infer whether a target data record has been utilized for model training or not. Existing MIAs designed for large language models (LLMs) can be bifurcated into two types: reference-free and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Wenjie Fu , Huandong Wang , Chen Gao , Guanghua Liu , Yong Li , Tao Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to enable or improve a multitude of real-world applications. Given the large size of their training data sets, their tendency to memorize training data raises serious privacy and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Pedram Zaree , Md Abdullah Al Mamun , Yue Dong , Ihsen Alouani , Nael Abu-Ghazaleh

As large language models (LLMs) are trained on increasingly opaque corpora, membership inference attacks (MIAs) have been proposed to audit whether copyrighted texts were used during training, despite growing concerns about their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Murat Bilgehan Ertan , Emirhan Böge , Min Chen , Kaleel Mahmood , Marten van Dijk

State-of-the-art membership inference attacks (MIAs) typically require training many reference models, making it difficult to scale these attacks to large pre-trained language models (LLMs). As a result, prior research has either relied on…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly trained on tabular data, which, unlike unstructured text, often contains personally identifiable information (PII) in a highly structured and explicit format. As a result, privacy risks arise,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Eyal German , Sagiv Antebi , Daniel Samira , Asaf Shabtai , Yuval Elovici