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As a candidate of dark matter, primordial black holes (PBHs) have attracted more and more attentions as they could be possible progenitors of the heavy binary black holes (BBHs) observed by LIGO/Virgo. Accurately estimating the merger rate…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-04-15 You Wu

Several astrophysical scenarios have been proposed to explain the origin of the population of binary black hole (BBH) mergers detected in gravitational waves (GWs) by the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration. Among them, BBH mergers assembled…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-06-08 Giacomo Fragione , Sambaran Banerjee

One proposed formation channel for stellar mass black holes (BHs) is through hierarchical mergers of smaller BHs. Repeated mergers between comparable mass BHs leave an imprint on the spin of the resulting BH, since the final BH spin is…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-06-02 Maya Fishbach , Daniel E. Holz , Ben Farr

Binary black holes (BBHs) are one of the endpoints of isolated binary evolution, and their mergers a leading channel for gravitational wave events. Here, using the evolutionary code \textsc{StarTrack}, we study the statistical properties of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-04-19 Rosalba Perna , Martyna Chruslinska , Alessandra Corsi , Krzysztof Belczynski

The LIGO Scientific, Virgo and KAGRA Collaborations recently released the third gravitational wave transient catalog or GWTC-3, significantly expanding the number of gravitational wave (GW) signals. To address the -- still uncertain --…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-06-29 Jam Sadiq , Thomas Dent , Daniel Wysocki

Despite the observation of nearly 100 compact binary coalescence (CBC) events up to the end of the Advanced gravitational-wave (GW) detectors' third observing run (O3), there remain fundamental open questions regarding their astrophysical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-22 Ana Lorenzo-Medina , Thomas Dent

We present a novel framework to infer the mass of clusters that host hierarchical binary black hole (BBH) mergers detected with gravitational-waves (GWs), on a single event basis. We show that the requirement that a second-generation (2G)…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-06 Avinash Tiwari , Shasvath J. Kapadia

Possible formation mechanisms of massive close binary black holes that can merge in the Hubble time to produce powerful gravitational wave bursts detected during advanced LIGO O1 science run are briefly discussed. The pathways include the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-11-15 Konstantin Postnov , Alexandre Kuranov

Mainly motivated by the recent GW190521 mass gap event which we take as a benchmark point, we critically assess if binaries made of a primordial black hole and a black hole of astrophysical origin may form, merge in stellar clusters and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-05-26 K. Kritos , V. De Luca , G. Franciolini , A. Kehagias , A. Riotto

We investigate a possible method for determining the progenitors of black hole (BH) mergers observed via their gravitational wave (GW) signal. We argue that measurements of the cross-correlation of the GW events with overlapping galaxy…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-07-27 Alvise Raccanelli , Ely D. Kovetz , Simeon Bird , Ilias Cholis , Julian B. Munoz

We present a systematic comparison of the binary black hole (BBH) signal waveform reconstructed by two independent and complementary approaches used in LIGO and Virgo source inference: a template-based analysis, and a morphology-independent…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-09-23 Sudarshan Ghonge , Katerina Chatziioannou , James A. Clark , Tyson Littenberg , Margaret Millhouse , Laura Cadonati , Neil Cornish

The latest detection of GW231123, a binary black hole (BH) merger with exceptionally large masses and high spins for the incoming components, has been suggested as a smoking gun for hierarchical formation. In this scenario, a first…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-06 Jakob Stegmann , Aleksandra Olejak , Selma E. de Mink

We investigate secular evolution in hierarchical quadruple systems as a formation channel of mass-gap black holes (with masses of about $3-5$ $M_{\odot}$) in systems that will eventually lead to binary black hole mergers detectable by…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-01-08 Mohammadtaher Safarzadeh , Adrian S. Hamers , Abraham Loeb , Edo Berger

Prior to the detection of black holes (BHs) via the gravitational waves (GWs) they generate at merger, the presence of BHs was inferred in X-ray binaries, mostly via dynamical measurements, with masses in the range between $\sim…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-06-12 Rosalba Perna , Yi-Han Wang , Will M. Farr , Nathan Leigh , Matteo Cantiello

We address two important questions in gravitational-wave astronomy. What is the astrophysical formation scenario leading to black-hole binary mergers? Did some of the merging black holes form hierarchically through previous generations of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-06-21 Andrea Antonelli , Konstantinos Kritos , Ken K. Y. Ng , Roberto Cotesta , Emanuele Berti

The LIGO-Virgo-Kagra collaboration (LVC) discovered recently GW190521, a gravitational wave (GW) source associated with the merger between two black holes (BHs) with mass $66$ M$_\odot$ and $>85$ M$_\odot$. GW190521 represents the first BH…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-10-27 Manuel Arca Sedda , Francesco Paolo Rizzuto , Thorsten Naab , Jeremiah Ostriker , Mirek Giersz , Rainer Spurzem

There is much debate about the channels for astrophysical origins of the stellar-mass binary black hole (BBH) mergers detected by LIGO and Virgo. Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are promising sites for the efficient formation and rapid…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-04-30 Guo-Peng Li

Ten binary black-hole mergers have already been detected during the first two observing runs of advanced LIGO and Virgo, and many more are expected to be observed in the near future. This opens the possibility for gravitational-wave…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-05-15 Yann Bouffanais , Michela Mapelli , Davide Gerosa , Ugo N. Di Carlo , Nicola Giacobbo , Emanuele Berti , Vishal Baibhav

GW231123 is the most massive binary black hole (BBH) merger detected to date by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration. With at least one black hole (BH) in the upper-mass gap and both BHs exhibiting high spins ($\chi_{1,2} \gtrsim 0.8$), this…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-09-16 Lavinia Paiella , Cristiano Ugolini , Mario Spera , Marica Branchesi , Manuel Arca Sedda

The LIGO/Virgo collaboration has reported the detection of GW190412, a BH-BH merger with the most unequal masses to date: 24.4-34.7 Msun and 7.4-10.1 Msun (a mass ratio of q=0.21-0.41). Additionally, GW190412's effective spin was estimated…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-10-14 A. Olejak , M. Fishbach , K. Belczynski , D. E. Holz , J. -P. Lasota , M. C. Miller , T. Bulik