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The Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) is a method of choice to solve the electronic structure problem for molecules on near-term gate-based quantum computers. However, the circuit depth is expected to grow significantly with problem…

The optimization of circuit parameters of variational quantum algorithms such as the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) or the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a key challenge for the practical deployment of near-term…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-09 Robert M. Parrish , Joseph T. Iosue , Asier Ozaeta , Peter L. McMahon

Adaptive protocols enable the construction of more efficient state preparation circuits in variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) by utilizing data obtained from the quantum processor during the execution of the algorithm. This idea…

The optimization of Variational Quantum Eigensolver is severely challenged by finite-shot sampling noise, which distorts the cost landscape, creates false variational minima, and induces statistical bias called winner's curse. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-12 Vojtěch Novák , Silvie Illésová , Tomáš Bezděk , Ivan Zelinka , Martin Beseda

While quantum computers are a very promising tool for the far future, in their current state of the art they remain limited both in size and quality. This has given rise to hybrid quantum-classical algorithms, where the quantum device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 Yury Chernyak , Ijaz Ahamed Mohammad , Martin Plesch

The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is one of the most representative quantum algorithms in the noisy intermediate-size quantum (NISQ) era, and is generally speculated to deliver one of the first quantum advantages for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-13 Shi-Xin Zhang , Zhou-Quan Wan , Chee-Kong Lee , Chang-Yu Hsieh , Shengyu Zhang , Hong Yao

In order to answer the problem of Quantum Phase Estimation Algorithm been not suitable for NISQ devices, and allows one to outperform classical computers, Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) were designed. Our subject of interest is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-28 Max Alteg , Baptiste Chevalier , Octave Mestoudjian , Johan-Luca Rossi

We describe the contextual subspace variational quantum eigensolver (CS-VQE), a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for approximating the ground state energy of a Hamiltonian. The approximation to the ground state energy is obtained as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-19 William M. Kirby , Andrew Tranter , Peter J. Love

The study of Variational Quantum Eigensolvers (VQEs) has been in the spotlight in recent times as they may lead to real-world applications of near-term quantum devices. However, their performance depends on the structure of the used…

The state-of-the-art quantum computing hardware has entered the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. Having been constrained by the limited number of qubits and shallow circuit depth, NISQ devices have nevertheless demonstrated the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-23 Guanglei Xu , Yi-Bin Guo , Xuan Li , Zong-Sheng Zhou , Hai-Jun Liao , T. Xiang

The Adaptive Derivative-Assembled Pseudo-Trotter Variational Quantum Eigensolver (ADAPT-VQE) has emerged as a pivotal promising approach for electronic structure challenges in quantum chemistry with noisy quantum devices. Nevertheless, to…

Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) faces significant challenges due to hardware noise and the presence of barren plateaus and local traps in the optimization landscape. To mitigate the detrimental effects of these issues, we introduce a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Chayan Patra , Rahul Maitra

We report the experimental resource-efficient implementation of the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) using four-dimensional photonic quantum states of single-photons. The four-dimensional quantum states are implemented by utilizing…

We experimentally demonstrate a qubit-efficient variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm using a superconducting quantum processor, employing minimal quantum resources with only a transmon qubit coupled to a high-coherence photonic…

In recent years, Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) have emerged as a promising approach for solving optimization problems on quantum computers in the NISQ era. However, one limitation of VQAs is their reliance on fixed-structure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Gloria Turati , Maurizio Ferrari Dacrema , Paolo Cremonesi

In this work, we propose a novel variational quantum approach for solving a class of nonlinear optimal control problems. Our approach integrates Dirac's canonical quantization of dynamical systems with the solution of the ground state of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-14 Hirmay Sandesara , Alok Shukla , Prakash Vedula

We present a hybrid classical-quantum algorithm to solve optimization problems in current quantum computers, whose basic idea is to assist variational quantum eigensolvers (VQE) with adiabatic change of the Hamiltonian. The rational for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-07 A. Garcia-Saez , J. I. Latorre

Automated chemical synthesis, materials fabrication, and spectroscopic physical measurements often bring forth the challenge of process trajectory optimization, i.e., discovering the time dependence of temperature, electric field, or…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-06-28 Mani Valleti , Rama K. Vasudevan , Maxim A. Ziatdinov , Sergei V. Kalinin

Hybrid quantum-classical variational algorithms such as the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) and the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) are promising applications for noisy, intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-13 William M. Kirby , Peter J. Love

The Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) are hybrid quantum-classical algorithms and they can be used in the Nosiy Intermadiate Scale Quantum (NISQ) devises. The Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) was suggested as a first VQA. VQE is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Murat Kurt , Ayda Kaltehei , Selçuk Çakmak , Azmi Gençten