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We prove that for a given deterministic top-down transducer with look-ahead it is decidable whether or not its translation is definable (1)~by a linear top-down tree transducer or (2)~by a tree homomorphism. We present algorithms that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Sebastian Maneth , Helmut Seidl , Martin Vu

Machine Translation models are trained to translate a variety of documents from one language into another. However, models specifically trained for a particular characteristics of the documents tend to perform better. Fine-tuning is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-09 Alberto Poncelas , Gideon Maillette de Buy Wenniger , Andy Way

Transfer learning is an essential tool for improving the performance of primary tasks by leveraging information from auxiliary data resources. In this work, we propose Adaptive Robust Transfer Learning (ART), a flexible pipeline of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-02 Boxiang Wang , Yunan Wu , Chenglong Ye

Recent interpretability work often treats a feature as a single global direction, dictionary atom, or latent coordinate shared across contexts. We argue that this ontology can fail in obstructed representation spaces, where locally coherent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Hossein Javidnia

We investigate the tree-to-tree functions computed by "affine $\lambda$-transducers": tree automata whose memory consists of an affine $\lambda$-term instead of a finite state. They can be seen as variations on Gallot, Lemay and Salvati's…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Lê Thành Dũng Nguyên , Gabriele Vanoni

In Transformer-based neural machine translation (NMT), the positional encoding mechanism helps the self-attention networks to learn the source representation with order dependency, which makes the Transformer-based NMT achieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-09 Kehai Chen , Rui Wang , Masao Utiyama , Eiichiro Sumita

Regular functions of infinite words are (partial) functions realized by deterministic two-way transducers with infinite look-ahead. Equivalently, Alur et. al. have shown that they correspond to functions realized by deterministic Muller…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Olivier Carton , Gaëtan Douéneau-Tabot , Emmanuel Filiot , Sarah Winter

Arc-standard derivations over projective dependency trees can be interpreted as the incremental construction of lexicalized ordered trees with contiguous yields. Each \textsc{shift}, \textsc{leftarc}, and \textsc{rightarc} transition…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zihao Huang , Ai Ka Lee , Jungyeul Park

Language models (LMs) pretrained on a large text corpus and fine-tuned on a downstream text corpus and fine-tuned on a downstream task becomes a de facto training strategy for several natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Recently, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Junghoon Lee , Jounghee Kim , Pilsung Kang

Transformers have recently been shown to be capable of reliably performing logical reasoning over facts and rules expressed in natural language, but abductive reasoning - inference to the best explanation of an unexpected observation - has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Nathan Young , Qiming Bao , Joshua Bensemann , Michael Witbrock

We study whether a Large Language Model can learn the deterministic sequence of trees generated by the iterated prime factorization of the natural numbers. Each integer is mapped into a rooted planar tree and the resulting sequence $…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Alessandro Breccia , Federica Gerace , Marco Lippi , Gabriele Sicuro , Pierluigi Contucci

While it has become common to perform automated translations on natural language, performing translations between different representations of mathematical formulae has thus far not been possible. We implemented the first translator for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-27 Felix Petersen , Moritz Schubotz , Bela Gipp

Non-autoregressive Transformers (NATs) reduce the inference latency of Autoregressive Transformers (ATs) by predicting words all at once rather than in sequential order. They have achieved remarkable progress in machine translation as well…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Chenxin An , Jiangtao Feng , Fei Huang , Xipeng Qiu , Lingpeng Kong

We investigate the capability of a transformer pretrained on natural language to generalize to other modalities with minimal finetuning -- in particular, without finetuning of the self-attention and feedforward layers of the residual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Kevin Lu , Aditya Grover , Pieter Abbeel , Igor Mordatch

In this paper, we propose an additionsubtraction twin-gated recurrent network (ATR) to simplify neural machine translation. The recurrent units of ATR are heavily simplified to have the smallest number of weight matrices among units of all…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-31 Biao Zhang , Deyi Xiong , Jinsong Su , Qian Lin , Huiji Zhang

In Neural Machine Translation (NMT), the decoder can capture the features of the entire prediction history with neural connections and representations. This means that partial hypotheses with different prefixes will be regarded differently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Zhisong Zhang , Rui Wang , Masao Utiyama , Eiichiro Sumita , Hai Zhao

Most expressivity results for transformers treat them as language recognizers -- devices that accept or reject strings -- rather than as they are used in practice: as language models that generate strings autoregressively and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Andy Yang , Anej Svete , Jiaoda Li , Anthony Widjaja Lin , Jonathan Rawski , Ryan Cotterell , David Chiang

We introduce an adaptive tree search algorithm, that can find high-scoring outputs under translation models that make no assumptions about the form or structure of the search objective. This algorithm -- a deterministic variant of Monte…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Wang Ling , Wojciech Stokowiec , Domenic Donato , Laurent Sartran , Lei Yu , Austin Matthews , Chris Dyer

Tree ensemble models like random forests and gradient boosting machines are widely used in machine learning due to their excellent predictive performance. However, a high-performance ensemble consisting of a large number of decision trees…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-28 Zebin Yang , Agus Sudjianto , Xiaoming Li , Aijun Zhang

Recursive neural networks (RvNN) have been shown useful for learning sentence representations and helped achieve competitive performance on several natural language inference tasks. However, recent RvNN-based models fail to learn simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Atul Sahay , Ayush Maheshwari , Ritesh Kumar , Ganesh Ramakrishnan , Manjesh Kumar Hanawal , Kavi Arya