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Transformer-based large language models (LLM) have been widely used in language processing applications. However, due to the memory constraints of the devices, most of them restrict the context window. Even though recurrent models in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Zifan He , Yingqi Cao , Zongyue Qin , Neha Prakriya , Yizhou Sun , Jason Cong

Recent advancements in large language models have significantly improved their context windows, yet challenges in effective long-term memory management remain. We introduce MemTree, an algorithm that leverages a dynamic, tree-structured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Alireza Rezazadeh , Zichao Li , Wei Wei , Yujia Bao

In order for large language models to achieve true conversational continuity and benefit from experiential learning, they need memory. While research has focused on the development of complex memory systems, it remains unclear which types…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Alessandra Terranova , Björn Ross , Alexandra Birch

Large Language Models face significant challenges in maintaining coherent interactions over extended dialogues due to their limited contextual memory. This limitation often leads to fragmented exchanges and reduced relevance in responses,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Haseeb Ullah Khan Shinwari , Muhammad Usama

Large language model-based web agents have shown strong potential in automating web interactions through advanced reasoning and instruction following. While retrieval-based memory derived from historical trajectories enables these agents to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yunteng Tan , Zhi Gao , Xinxiao Wu

The chain-structured long short-term memory (LSTM) has showed to be effective in a wide range of problems such as speech recognition and machine translation. In this paper, we propose to extend it to tree structures, in which a memory cell…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-03-18 Xiaodan Zhu , Parinaz Sobhani , Hongyu Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive fluency and task competence in conversational settings. However, their effectiveness in multi-session and long-term interactions is hindered by limited memory persistence. Typical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Maitreyi Chatterjee , Devansh Agarwal

Long-term memory is essential for conversational agents to maintain coherence, track persistent tasks, and provide personalized interactions across extended dialogues. However, existing approaches as Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Juwei Yue , Chuanrui Hu , Jiawei Sheng , Zuyi Zhou , Wenyuan Zhang , Tingwen Liu , Li Guo , Yafeng Deng

Transformers have a quadratic scaling of computational complexity with input size, which limits the input context window size of large language models (LLMs) in both training and inference. Meanwhile, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Yimin Tang , Yurong Xu , Ning Yan , Masood Mortazavi

Incorporating hierarchical structures like constituency trees has been shown to be effective for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, it is evident that state-of-the-art (SOTA) sequence-based models like the Transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Shafiq Joty , Steven C. H. Hoi , Richard Socher

Memory retrieval in agentic large language model (LLM) systems is often treated as a static lookup problem, relying on flat vector search or fixed binary relational graphs. However, fixed graph structures cannot capture the varying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Dongming Jiang , Yi Li , Guanpeng Li , Qiannan Li , Bingzhe Li

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for extended, multi-topic conversations, yet the flat, append-only structure of current conversation interfaces introduces a fundamental limitation: all context accumulates in a single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Pranav Hemanth , Sampriti Saha

Large Language Models (LLMs) are adept at generating responses based on information within their context. While this ability is useful for interacting with structured data like code files, another popular method, Retrieval-Augmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Mihir Gupte , Paolo Giusto , Ramesh S

With the evolution of pre-trained language models, current open-domain dialogue systems have achieved great progress in conducting one-session conversations. In contrast, Multi-Session Conversation (MSC), which consists of multiple sessions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Tong Zhang , Yong Liu , Boyang Li , Zhiwei Zeng , Pengwei Wang , Yuan You , Chunyan Miao , Lizhen Cui

Transformative innovations in model architectures have introduced hierarchical embedding augmentation as a means to redefine the representation of tokens through multi-level semantic structures, offering enhanced adaptability to complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Derek Yotheringhay , Alistair Kirkland , Humphrey Kirkbride , Josiah Whitesteeple

There has recently been growing interest in conversational agents with long-term memory which has led to the rapid development of language models that use retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Until recently, most work on RAG has focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Nick Alonso , Tomás Figliolia , Anthony Ndirango , Beren Millidge

Graph-based Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) methods have significantly enhanced the performance of large language models (LLMs) in domain-specific tasks. However, existing RAG methods do not adequately utilize the naturally inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Haoyu Huang , Yongfeng Huang , Junjie Yang , Zhenyu Pan , Yongqiang Chen , Kaili Ma , Hongzhi Chen , James Cheng

We present a memory-augmented approach to condition an autoregressive language model on a knowledge graph. We represent the graph as a collection of relation triples and retrieve relevant relations for a given context to improve text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Qi Liu , Dani Yogatama , Phil Blunsom

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong semantic understanding, yet struggle when user instructions involve ambiguous or conceptually misaligned terms. We propose the Language Graph Model (LGM) to enhance conceptual clarity by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Wenchang Lei , Ping Zou , Yue Wang , Feng Sun , Lei Zhao

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has demonstrated significant effectiveness in enhancing large language models (LLMs) for complex multi-hop question answering (QA). For multi-hop QA tasks, current iterative approaches predominantly rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Yuling Shi , Maolin Sun , Zijun Liu , Mo Yang , Yixiong Fang , Tianran Sun , Xiaodong Gu
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