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Explainable Reinforcement Learning (XRL) can provide transparency into the decision-making process of a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) model and increase user trust and adoption in real-world use cases. By utilizing XRL techniques,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Alexander Tapley , Kyle Gatesman , Luis Robaina , Brett Bissey , Joseph Weissman

Reinforcement learning has become the central approach for language models (LMs) to learn from environmental reward or feedback. In practice, the environmental feedback is usually sparse and delayed. Learning from such signals is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Taiwei Shi , Sihao Chen , Bowen Jiang , Linxin Song , Longqi Yang , Jieyu Zhao

Understanding a Reinforcement Learning (RL) policy is crucial for ensuring that autonomous agents behave according to human expectations. This goal can be achieved using Explainable Reinforcement Learning (XRL) techniques. Although textual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Ahmad Terra , Mohit Ahmed , Rafia Inam , Elena Fersman , Martin Törngren

A significant challenge for the practical application of reinforcement learning in the real world is the need to specify an oracle reward function that correctly defines a task. Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) seeks to avoid this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Kelvin Xu , Ellis Ratner , Anca Dragan , Sergey Levine , Chelsea Finn

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated high performance on tasks expressed in natural language, particularly in zero- or few-shot settings. These are typically framed as supervised (e.g., classification) or unsupervised (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Yarik Menchaca Resendiz , Roman Klinger

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a promising approach for solving various control, optimization, and sequential decision making tasks. However, designing reward functions for complex tasks (e.g., with multiple objectives and safety…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Xuan Zhao , Marcos Campos

The recent surge in research interest in applying large language models (LLMs) to decision-making tasks has flourished by leveraging the extensive world knowledge embedded in LLMs. While there is a growing demand to tailor LLMs for custom…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Andrew Zhao , Daniel Huang , Quentin Xu , Matthieu Lin , Yong-Jin Liu , Gao Huang

Process rewards have been widely used in deep reinforcement learning to improve training efficiency, reduce variance, and prevent reward hacking. In LLM reasoning, existing works also explore various solutions for learning effective process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Xian Wu , Kaijie Zhu , Ying Zhang , Lun Wang , Wenbo Guo

A desirable property of learning systems is to be both effective and interpretable. Towards this goal, recent models have been proposed that first generate an extractive explanation from the input text and then generate a prediction on just…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Zijian Zhang , Koustav Rudra , Avishek Anand

We focus on the task of creating a reinforcement learning agent that is inherently explainable -- with the ability to produce immediate local explanations by thinking out loud while performing a task and analyzing entire trajectories…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Xiangyu Peng , Mark O. Riedl , Prithviraj Ammanabrolu

Reinforcement learning (RL) studies how an agent comes to achieve reward in an environment through interactions over time. Recent advances in machine RL have surpassed human expertise at the world's oldest board games and many classic video…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Pedro A. Tsividis , Joao Loula , Jake Burga , Nathan Foss , Andres Campero , Thomas Pouncy , Samuel J. Gershman , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

Intelligent agents rely heavily on prior experience when learning a new task, yet most modern reinforcement learning (RL) approaches learn every task from scratch. One approach for leveraging prior knowledge is to transfer skills learned on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Karl Pertsch , Youngwoon Lee , Joseph J. Lim

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been embedded into many aspects of people's daily lives and it has become normal for people to have AI make decisions for them. Reinforcement learning (RL) models increase the space of solvable problems with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Agneza Krajna , Mario Brcic , Tomislav Lipic , Juraj Doncevic

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents have been widely used to improve networking tasks. However, understanding the decisions made by these agents is essential for their broader adoption in networking and network management. To address this,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Yeison Stiven Murcia , Oscar Mauricio Caicedo , Daniela Maria Casas , Nelson Luis Saldanha da Fonseca

Reinforcement Learning (RL) can enable agents to learn complex tasks. However, it is difficult to interpret the knowledge and reuse it across tasks. Inductive biases can address such issues by explicitly providing generic yet useful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Thomas Schnürer , Malte Probst , Horst-Michael Gross

Reinforcement learning algorithms typically struggle in the absence of a dense, well-shaped reward function. Intrinsically motivated exploration methods address this limitation by rewarding agents for visiting novel states or transitions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Yuqing Du , Olivia Watkins , Zihan Wang , Cédric Colas , Trevor Darrell , Pieter Abbeel , Abhishek Gupta , Jacob Andreas

The pursuit of artificial agents that can learn to master complex environments has led to remarkable successes, yet prevailing deep reinforcement learning methods often rely on immense experience, encoding their knowledge opaquely within…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Sai Wang , Yu Wu , Zhongwen Xu

Exploration in environments with sparse rewards remains a fundamental challenge in reinforcement learning (RL). Existing approaches such as curriculum learning and Go-Explore often rely on hand-crafted heuristics, while curiosity-driven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Georgios Sotirchos , Zlatan Ajanović , Jens Kober

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has achieved significant breakthroughs in various tasks. However, most DRL algorithms suffer a problem of generalizing the learned policy which makes the learning performance largely affected even by minor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Zhengyao Jiang , Shan Luo

We present a reinforcement learning framework, called Programmatically Interpretable Reinforcement Learning (PIRL), that is designed to generate interpretable and verifiable agent policies. Unlike the popular Deep Reinforcement Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-11 Abhinav Verma , Vijayaraghavan Murali , Rishabh Singh , Pushmeet Kohli , Swarat Chaudhuri