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Agentic large language model systems increasingly automate tasks by retrieving URLs and calling external tools. We show that this workflow gives rise to implicit prompt injection: adversarial instructions embedded in automatically generated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Qianlong Lan , Anuj Kaul , Shaun Jones , Stephanie Westrum

Modern CPUs are black boxes, proprietary, and increasingly characterized by sophisticated microarchitectural flaws that evade traditional analysis. While some of these critical vulnerabilities have been uncovered through cumbersome manual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Johannes Lenzen , Mohamadreza Rostami , Lichao Wu , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi

Since 2016, multiple microarchitectural attacks have exploited an effect that is attributed to prefetching. These works observe that certain user-space operations can fetch kernel addresses into the cache. Fetching user-inaccessible data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-07 Martin Schwarzl , Thomas Schuster , Michael Schwarz , Daniel Gruss

Since autonomous coding agents generate complex behaviors at high-volume, we may want to use other LLMs to monitor actions to reduce the risk from dangerous misaligned behavior. To better understand the limitations of such monitors against…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Elle Najt , Colin Toft , Tyler Tracy , Fabien Roger , Joe Benton

Machine Learning models, extensively used for various multimedia applications, are offered to users as a blackbox service on the Cloud on a pay-per-query basis. Such blackbox models are commercially valuable to adversaries, making them…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Vasisht Duddu , D. Vijay Rao

This paper presents HeNet, a hierarchical ensemble neural network, applied to classify hardware-generated control flow traces for malware detection. Deep learning-based malware detection has so far focused on analyzing executable files and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-09 Li Chen , Salmin Sultana , Ravi Sahita

Side-channel risks of Intel's SGX have recently attracted great attention. Under the spotlight is the newly discovered page-fault attack, in which an OS-level adversary induces page faults to observe the page-level access patterns of a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Wenhao Wang , Guoxing Chen , Xiaorui Pan , Yinqian Zhang , XiaoFeng Wang , Vincent Bindschaedler , Haixu Tang , Carl A. Gunter

The Least-Recently Used cache replacement policy and its variants are widely deployed in modern processors. This paper shows for the first time in detail that the LRU states of caches can be used to leak information: any access to a cache…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-06 Wenjie Xiong , Jakub Szefer

Leakage contracts have recently been proposed as a new security abstraction at the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) level. Such contracts aim to faithfully capture the information processors may leak through side effects of their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Zilong Wang , Gideon Mohr , Klaus von Gleissenthall , Jan Reineke , Marco Guarnieri

Self-modifying code (SMC) allows programs to alter their own instructions, optimizing performance and functionality on x86 processors. Despite its benefits, SMC introduces unique microarchitectural behaviors that can be exploited for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Seonghun Son , Daniel Moghimi , Berk Gulmezoglu

Side-channel attacks are a major threat to the security of cryptographic implementations, particularly for small devices that are under the physical control of the adversary. While several strategies for protecting against side-channel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Madura A. Shelton , Łukasz Chmielewski , Niels Samwel , Markus Wagner , Lejla Batina , Yuval Yarom

Recent studies have revealed that self-sustaining cascading failures in distributed systems frequently lead to widespread outages, which are challenging to contain and recover from. Existing failure detection techniques struggle to expose…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Shangshu Qian , Lin Tan , Yongle Zhang

Shared cache resources in multi-core processors are vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks. Recently proposed defenses have their own caveats: Randomization-based defenses are vulnerable to the evolving attack algorithms besides relying…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Ghada Dessouky , Alexander Gruler , Pouya Mahmoody , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi , Emmanuel Stapf

Realizing flow security in a concurrent environment is extremely challenging, primarily due to non-deterministic nature of execution. The difficulty is further exacerbated from a security angle if sequential threads disclose control…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Sandip Ghosal , R. K. Shyamasundar

Hardware (HW) security issues have been emerging at an alarming rate in recent years. Transient execution attacks, in particular, pose a genuine threat to the security of modern computing systems. Despite recent advances, understanding the…

Cross-workload design space exploration (DSE) is crucial in CPU architecture design. Existing DSE methods typically employ the transfer learning technique to leverage knowledge from source workloads, aiming to minimize the requirement of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Runzhen Xue , Hao Wu , Mingyu Yan , Ziheng Xiao , Xiaochun Ye , Dongrui Fan

Language models (LMs) may memorize personally identifiable information (PII) from training data, enabling adversaries to extract it during inference. Existing defense mechanisms such as differential privacy (DP) reduce this leakage, but…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Anthony Hughes , Vasisht Duddu , N. Asokan , Nikolaos Aletras , Ning Ma

Performance degradation techniques are an important complement to side-channel attacks. In this work, we propose HyperDegrade -- a combination of previous approaches and the use of simultaneous multithreading (SMT) architectures. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Alejandro Cabrera Aldaya , Billy Bob Brumley

Fast identification of new network attack patterns is crucial for improving network security. Nevertheless, identifying an ongoing attack in a heterogeneous network is a non-trivial task. Federated learning emerges as a solution to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Helio N. Cunha Neto , Ivana Dusparic , Diogo M. F. Mattos , Natalia C. Fernandes

Time variation during program execution can leak sensitive information. Time variations due to program control flow and hardware resource contention have been used to steal encryption keys in cipher implementations such as AES and RSA. A…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-23 Zelalem Birhanu Aweke , Todd Austin