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Evaluating the compatibility between textual descriptions and corresponding images represents a core endeavor within multi-modal research. In recent years, a proliferation of reference-free methods, leveraging visual-language pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Zheng Ma , Changxin Wang , Yawen Ouyang , Fei Zhao , Jianbing Zhang , Shujian Huang , Jiajun Chen

Image captioning has long been regarded as a fundamental task in visual understanding. Recently, however, few large vision-language model (LVLM) research discusses model's image captioning performance because of the outdated short-caption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Hongyuan Dong , Jiawen Li , Bohong Wu , Jiacong Wang , Yuan Zhang , Haoyuan Guo

Image2Speech is the relatively new task of generating a spoken description of an image. This paper presents an investigation into the evaluation of this task. For this, first an Image2Speech system was implemented which generates image…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-03 Justin van der Hout , Zoltán D'Haese , Mark Hasegawa-Johnson , Odette Scharenborg

Automatically generating descriptive captions for images is a well-researched area in computer vision. However, existing evaluation approaches focus on measuring the similarity between two sentences disregarding fine-grained semantics of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-07 Philipp Harzig , Dan Zecha , Rainer Lienhart , Carolin Kaiser , René Schallner

Establishing an automatic evaluation metric that closely aligns with human judgments is essential for effectively developing image captioning models. Recent data-driven metrics have demonstrated a stronger correlation with human judgments…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Yuiga Wada , Kanta Kaneda , Daichi Saito , Komei Sugiura

Image captioning involves generating textual descriptions from input images, bridging the gap between computer vision and natural language processing. Recent advancements in transformer-based models have significantly improved caption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Israa A. Albadarneh , Bassam H. Hammo , Omar S. Al-Kadi

Reference-free evaluation has the potential to make machine translation evaluation substantially more scalable, allowing us to pivot easily to new languages or domains. It has been recently shown that the probabilities given by a large,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Sweta Agrawal , George Foster , Markus Freitag , Colin Cherry

This paper explores new evaluation perspectives for image captioning and introduces a noun translation task that achieves comparative image caption generation performance by translating from a set of nouns to captions. This implies that in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-10-19 Hendrik Heuer , Christof Monz , Arnold W. M. Smeulders

We propose VC-Inspector, a lightweight, open-source large multimodal model (LMM) for reference-free evaluation of video captions, with a focus on factual accuracy. Unlike existing metrics that suffer from limited context handling, weak…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shubhashis Roy Dipta , Tz-Ying Wu , Subarna Tripathi

Referenceless metrics (e.g., CLIPScore) use pretrained vision--language models to assess image descriptions directly without costly ground-truth reference texts. Such methods can facilitate rapid progress, but only if they truly align with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Elisa Kreiss , Eric Zelikman , Christopher Potts , Nick Haber

Evaluating the quality of automatically generated image descriptions is a complex task that requires metrics capturing various dimensions, such as grammaticality, coverage, accuracy, and truthfulness. Although human evaluation provides…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Jia-Hong Huang , Hongyi Zhu , Yixian Shen , Stevan Rudinac , Evangelos Kanoulas

Medical image captioning automatically generates a medical description to describe the content of a given medical image. A traditional medical image captioning model creates a medical description only based on a single medical image input.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Jia-Hong Huang , Ting-Wei Wu , Marcel Worring

The open-ended nature of visual captioning makes it a challenging area for evaluation. The majority of proposed models rely on specialized training to improve human-correlation, resulting in limited adoption, generalizability, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Joshua Feinglass , Yezhou Yang

Image captioning is conventionally formulated as the task of generating captions for images that match the distribution of reference image-caption pairs. However, reference captions in standard captioning datasets are short and may not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Simon Kornblith , Lala Li , Zirui Wang , Thao Nguyen

Web-scale training on paired text-image data is becoming increasingly central to multimodal learning, but is challenged by the highly noisy nature of datasets in the wild. Standard data filtering approaches succeed in removing mismatched…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Moran Yanuka , Morris Alper , Hadar Averbuch-Elor , Raja Giryes

In this paper, we propose QACE, a new metric based on Question Answering for Caption Evaluation. QACE generates questions on the evaluated caption and checks its content by asking the questions on either the reference caption or the source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Hwanhee Lee , Thomas Scialom , Seunghyun Yoon , Franck Dernoncourt , Kyomin Jung

The aim of image captioning is to generate captions by machine to describe image contents. Despite many efforts, generating discriminative captions for images remains non-trivial. Most traditional approaches imitate the language structure…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Xihui Liu , Hongsheng Li , Jing Shao , Dapeng Chen , Xiaogang Wang

We establish THumB, a rubric-based human evaluation protocol for image captioning models. Our scoring rubrics and their definitions are carefully developed based on machine- and human-generated captions on the MSCOCO dataset. Each caption…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Jungo Kasai , Keisuke Sakaguchi , Lavinia Dunagan , Jacob Morrison , Ronan Le Bras , Yejin Choi , Noah A. Smith

The task of image captioning has recently been gaining popularity, and with it the complex task of evaluating the quality of image captioning models. In this work, we present the first survey and taxonomy of over 70 different image…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Uri Berger , Gabriel Stanovsky , Omri Abend , Lea Frermann

The evaluation of image captions, looking at both linguistic fluency and semantic correspondence to visual contents, has witnessed a significant effort. Still, despite advancements such as the CLIPScore metric, multilingual captioning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Gonçalo Gomes , Chrysoula Zerva , Bruno Martins