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Related papers: EmbSpatial-Bench: Benchmarking Spatial Understandi…

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Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have rapidly advanced in visual tasks, yet their spatial understanding remains limited to single images, leaving them ill-suited for physical-world applications that require multi-frame reasoning.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Runsen Xu , Weiyao Wang , Hao Tang , Xingyu Chen , Xiaodong Wang , Fu-Jen Chu , Matt Feiszli , Kevin J. Liang

Despite significant progress in multimodal language models (LMs), it remains unclear whether visual grounding enhances their understanding of embodied knowledge compared to text-only models. To address this question, we propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zhihui Yang , Yupei Wang , Kaijie Mo , Zhe Zhao , Renfen Hu

Vision Language Models (VLMs) demonstrate significant potential as embodied AI agents for various mobility applications. However, a standardized, closed-loop benchmark for evaluating their spatial reasoning and sequential decision-making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Weizhen Wang , Chenda Duan , Zhenghao Peng , Yuxin Liu , Bolei Zhou

Understanding 3D spatial relationships remains a major limitation of current Vision-Language Models (VLMs). Prior work has addressed this issue by creating spatial question-answering (QA) datasets based on single images or indoor videos.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Mohsen Gholami , Ahmad Rezaei , Zhou Weimin , Sitong Mao , Shunbo Zhou , Yong Zhang , Mohammad Akbari

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance on perception-oriented tasks, yet their ability to perform mathematical spatial reasoning, defined as the capacity to parse and manipulate two- and three-dimensional…

The realization of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) necessitates Embodied AI agents capable of robust spatial perception, effective task planning, and adaptive execution in physical environments. However, current large language models…

Spatial understanding remains a weakness of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). Existing supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and recent reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) pipelines depend on costly supervision, specialized…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yuhong Liu , Beichen Zhang , Yuhang Zang , Yuhang Cao , Long Xing , Xiaoyi Dong , Haodong Duan , Dahua Lin , Jiaqi Wang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated strong generalization in vision-language tasks, yet their ability to understand and act within embodied environments remains underexplored. We present NavBench, a benchmark to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yanyuan Qiao , Haodong Hong , Wenqi Lyu , Dong An , Siqi Zhang , Yutong Xie , Xinyu Wang , Qi Wu

Vision language models (VLMs) are an exciting emerging class of language models (LMs) that have merged classic LM capabilities with those of image processing systems. However, the ways that these capabilities combine are not always…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Qiucheng Wu , Handong Zhao , Michael Saxon , Trung Bui , William Yang Wang , Yang Zhang , Shiyu Chang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown significant advancements, providing a promising future for embodied agents. Existing benchmarks for evaluating MLLMs primarily utilize static images or videos, limiting assessments to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Zhili Cheng , Yuge Tu , Ran Li , Shiqi Dai , Jinyi Hu , Shengding Hu , Jiahao Li , Yang Shi , Tianyu Yu , Weize Chen , Lei Shi , Maosong Sun

Embodied scene understanding serves as the cornerstone for autonomous agents to perceive, interpret, and respond to open driving scenarios. Such understanding is typically founded upon Vision-Language Models (VLMs). Nevertheless, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Yunsong Zhou , Linyan Huang , Qingwen Bu , Jia Zeng , Tianyu Li , Hang Qiu , Hongzi Zhu , Minyi Guo , Yu Qiao , Hongyang Li

Humans can imagine and manipulate visual images mentally, a capability known as spatial visualization. While many multi-modal benchmarks assess reasoning on visible visual information, the ability to infer unseen relationships through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Siting Wang , Minnan Pei , Luoyang Sun , Cheng Deng , Yuchen Li , Kun Shao , Zheng Tian , Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang

Embodied decision-making enables agents to translate high-level goals into executable actions through continuous interactions within the physical world, forming a cornerstone of general-purpose embodied intelligence. Large language models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Zixing Lei , Sheng Yin , Yichen Xiong , Yuanzhuo Ding , Wenhao Huang , Yuxi Wei , Qingyao Xu , Yiming Li , Weixin Li , Yunhong Wang , Siheng Chen

Recent advancements in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated remarkable multimodal perception capabilities, garnering significant attention. While numerous evaluation studies have emerged, assessing LVLMs both holistically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Hong-Tao Yu , Yuxin Peng , Serge Belongie , Xiu-Shen Wei

Building robots that can perceive, reason, and act in dynamic, unstructured environments remains a core challenge. Recent embodied systems often adopt a dual-system paradigm, where System 2 handles high-level reasoning while System 1…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have advanced static visual--spatial reasoning, yet they often fail to preserve long-horizon spatial coherence in embodied settings where beliefs must be continuously revised from egocentric…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Chih-Ting Liao , Xi Xiao , Chunlei Meng , Zhangquan Chen , Yitong Qiao , Weilin Zhou , Tianyang Wang , Xu Zheng , Xin Cao

Over the past year, the development of large language models (LLMs) has brought spatial intelligence into focus, with much attention on vision-based embodied intelligence. However, spatial intelligence spans a broader range of disciplines…

Despite the ubiquity of large language models (LLMs) in AI research, the question of embodiment in LLMs remains underexplored, distinguishing them from embodied systems in robotics where sensory perception directly informs physical action.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Philipp Wicke , Lennart Wachowiak

4D spatial intelligence involves perceiving and processing how objects move or change over time. Humans naturally possess 4D spatial intelligence, supporting a broad spectrum of spatial reasoning abilities. To what extent can Multimodal…

Recent advancements in Spatial Intelligence (SI) have predominantly relied on Vision-Language Models (VLMs), yet a critical question remains: does spatial understanding originate from visual encoders or the fundamental reasoning backbone?…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zhongbin Guo , Zhen Yang , Yushan Li , Xinyue Zhang , Wenyu Gao , Jiacheng Wang , Chengzhi Li , Xiangrui Liu , Ping Jian