Related papers: Lorenz equations and the figure eight knot
We consider the Lorenz equations, a system of three dimensional ordinary differential equations modeling atmospheric convection. These equations are chaotic and hard to study even numerically, and so a simpler "geometric model" has been…
In 1905, Einstein formulated his special relativity for point particles. For those particles, his Lorentz covariance and energy-momentum relation are by now firmly established. How about the hydrogen atom? It is possible to perform Lorentz…
The Lorenz attractor was introduced in 1963 by E. N. Lorenz as one of the first examples of \emph{strange attractors}. However Lorenz' research was mainly based on (non-rigourous) numerical simulations and, until recently, the proof of the…
We present a new paradigm for three dimensional chaos, and specifically for the Lorenz equations. The main difficulty in these equations and for a generic flow in dimension three is the existence of singularities. We show how to use knot…
In 1960 Edward Lorenz (1917-2008) published a pioneering work on the `maximum simplification' of the barotropic vorticity equation. He derived a coupled three-mode system and interpreted it as the minimum core of large-scale fluid mechanics…
Section 7 of Einstein's 1905 electrodynamics paper gives frequency-shift and aberration formulae that together describe an elongated ellipsoidal wavefront. A Lorentz contraction of this ellipsoid solves most (but not all) of the associated…
We announce and outline a proof of the existence of a homoclinic orbit of the Lorenz equations. In addition, we develop a shooting technique and two key conditions, which lead to the existence of a one-to-one correspondence between a set of…
The central question of knot theory is that of distinguishing links up to isotopy. The first polynomial invariant of links devised to help answer this question was the Alexander polynomial (1928). Almost a century after its introduction, it…
The second-order equation in the (1/2,0)+(0,1/2) representation of the Lorentz group has been proposed by A. Barut in the beginning of the 70s. It permits to explain the mass splitting of leptons e,mu,tau. Recently, the interest has grown…
K. G\"odel [G1] discovered his celebrated solution to Einstein equations in 1949. Additional contributions were made by Kundt [K] and Hawking-Ellis ([H-E],5.7). On the other hand, a general Lorentz invariant operator, associated to the…
A Lorentz-covariant system of wave equations is formulated for a quantum-mechanical three-body system in one space dimension, comprised of one photon and two identical massive spin one-half Dirac particles, which can be thought of as two…
In December 1907, Minkowski expressed the Maxwell equations in the very beautiful and compact 4-dimensional form: lor f=-s, lor F^*=0. Here `lor', an abbreviation of Lorentz, represents the 4-dimensional differential operator. We study…
The second-order equation in the (1/2,0)+(0,1/2) representation of the Lorentz group has been proposed by A. Barut in the 70s. It permits to explain the mass splitting of leptons (e,mu,tau). Recently, the interest has grown to this model…
We comment on mathematical results about the statistical behavior of Lorenz equations an its attractor, and more generally to the class of singular hyperbolic systems. The mathematical theory of such kind of systems turned out to be…
The development of relational electromagnetism after Gauss appears to stop around 1870. Maxwell recognised relational electromagnetism as mathematically equivalent to his own formulae and called for an explanation of why so different…
The lifelong efforts of Paul A. M. Dirac were to construct localized quantum systems in the Lorentz covariant world. In 1927, he noted that the time-energy uncertainty should be included in the Lorentz-covariant picture. In 1945, he…
In 1971 Feynman, Kislinger and Ravndal [1] proposed Lorentz-invariant differential equation capable to describe relativistic particle with mass and internal space-time structure. By making use of new variables that differentiate between…
In 1910, Hendrik Antoon Lorentz delved into the enigmatic Laplace eigenvalue equation, also known as the Helmholtz equation, pondering to what extent the geometry in which one solves the equation can be recovered from knowledge of the…
Twisted torus links are given by twisting a subset of strands on a closed braid representative of a torus link. T--links are a natural generalization, given by repeated positive twisting. We establish a one-to-one correspondence between…
Linnik proved in the late 1950's the equidistribution of integer points on large spheres under a congruence condition. The congruence condition was lifted in 1988 by Duke (building on a break-through by Iwaniec) using completely different…