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Related papers: ComplexityMeasures.jl: scalable software to unify …

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Code based Language Models (LMs) have shown very promising results in the field of software engineering with applications such as code refinement, code completion and generation. However, the task of time and space complexity classification…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Kaushik Moudgalya , Ankit Ramakrishnan , Vamsikrishna Chemudupati , Xing Han Lu

The diversity across outputs generated by LLMs shapes perception of their quality and utility. High lexical diversity is often desirable, but there is no standard method to measure this property. Templated answer structures and ``canned''…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Chantal Shaib , Venkata S. Govindarajan , Joe Barrow , Jiuding Sun , Alexa F. Siu , Byron C. Wallace , Ani Nenkova

Measuring and evaluating source code similarity is a fundamental software engineering activity that embraces a broad range of applications, including but not limited to code recommendation, duplicate code, plagiarism, malware, and smell…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Morteza Zakeri-Nasrabadi , Saeed Parsa , Mohammad Ramezani , Chanchal Roy , Masoud Ekhtiarzadeh

There are many dimensions of software complexity. In this article, we explore how structural complexity is measured and used to study and control evolving software systems. We also present the current research challenges and emerging trends…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-08-05 Tom Mens

Agent based modelling is a simulation method in which autonomous agents interact with their environment and one another, given a predefined set of rules. It is an integral method for modelling and simulating complex systems, such as…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-01-10 George Datseris , Ali R. Vahdati , Timothy C. DuBois

Context: Mining software repositories is a popular means to gain insights into a software project's evolution, monitor project health, support decisions and derive best practices. Tools supporting the mining process are commonly applied by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Nicole Hoess , Carlos Paradis , Rick Kazman , Wolfgang Mauerer

Complex systems are found in most branches of science. It is still argued how to best quantify their complexity and to what end. One prominent measure of complexity (the statistical complexity) has an operational meaning in terms of the…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2011-10-24 Karoline Wiesner , Mile Gu , Elisabeth Rieper , Vlatko Vedral

Recently it has been argued that entropy can be a direct measure of complexity, where the smaller value of entropy indicates lower system complexity, while its larger value indicates higher system complexity. We dispute this view and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-08-26 Jarosław Klamut , Ryszard Kutner , Zbigniew R. Struzik

Software systems often leverage on open source software libraries to reuse functionalities. Such libraries are readily available through software package managers like npm for JavaScript. Due to the huge amount of packages available in such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Ahmed Zerouali , Tom Mens , Gregorio Robles , Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona

Simplifying machine learning (ML) application development, including distributed computation, programming interface, resource management, model selection, etc, has attracted intensive interests recently. These research efforts have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Frances Ann Hubis , Wentao Wu , Ce Zhang

We present QuantumToolbox$.$jl, an open-source Julia package for simulating open quantum systems. Designed with a syntax familiar to users of QuTiP (Quantum Toolbox in Python), it harnesses Julia's high-performance ecosystem to deliver fast…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-06 Alberto Mercurio , Yi-Te Huang , Li-Xun Cai , Yueh-Nan Chen , Vincenzo Savona , Franco Nori

Program synthesis -- the automatic generation of code given a specification -- is one of the most fundamental tasks in artificial intelligence (AI) and the dream of many programmers. Numerous synthesizers have been developed for program…

Complexity in engineered systems presents one of the most persistent challenges in modern development since it is driving cost overruns, schedule delays, and outright project failures. Yet while architectural complexity has been studied,…

Software is now a vital scientific instrument, providing the tools for data collection and analysis across disciplines from bioinformatics and computational physics, to the humanities. The software used in research is often home-grown and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-03-15 Mario Rosado de Souza , Robert Haines , Markel Vigo , Caroline Jay

We introduce Metatheory.jl: a lightweight and performant general purpose symbolics and metaprogramming framework meant to simplify the act of writing complex Julia metaprograms and to significantly enhance Julia with a native term rewriting…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Alessandro Cheli

Datasets encountered in scientific and engineering applications appear in complex formats (e.g., images, multivariate time series, molecules, video, text strings, networks). Graph theory provides a unifying framework to model such datasets…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2025-01-09 David L Cole , Victor M Zavala

The existence of trace links between artifacts of the software development life cycle can improve the efficiency of many activities during software development, maintenance and operations. Unfortunately, the creation and maintenance of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Christof Tinnes

Many small-scale software systems, that is, with limited codebase or binary size, are widely used in everyday tasks, yet their configurability remains largely unexplored. At the same time, studies on modern software systems show a trend…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Xhevahire Tërnava , Georges Aaron Randrianaina , Luc Lesoil , Mathieu Acher

Characteristics extracted from the training datasets of classification problems have proven to be effective predictors in a number of meta-analyses. Among them, measures of classification complexity can be used to estimate the difficulty in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Ana C. Lorena , Luís P. F. Garcia , Jens Lehmann , Marcilio C. P. Souto , Tin K. Ho

Assessing the stability of code generation from large language models (LLMs) is essential for judging their reliability in real-world development. We extend prior "structural-entropy concepts" to the program domain by pairing entropy with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yewei Song , Tiezhu Sun , Xunzhu Tang , Prateek Rajput , Tegawende F. Bissyande , Jacques Klein