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Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly incorporated into everyday life for many internet users, taking on significant roles as advice givers in the domains of medicine, personal relationships, and even legal matters. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Nicole Smith-Vaniz , Harper Lyon , Lorraine Steigner , Ben Armstrong , Nicholas Mattei

With a major focus on its history, difficulties, and promise, this research paper provides a thorough analysis of the chatbot technology environment as it exists today. It provides a very flexible chatbot system that makes use of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Shivom Aggarwal , Shourya Mehra , Pritha Mitra

Cognitive biases often shape human decisions. While large language models (LLMs) have been shown to reproduce well-known biases, a more critical question is whether LLMs can predict biases at the individual level and emulate the dynamics of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Stephen Pilli , Vivek Nallur

Functional fixedness, a cognitive bias that restricts users' interactions with a new system or tool to expected or familiar ways, limits the full potential of Large Language Model (LLM)-enabled chat search, especially in complex and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Jiqun Liu , Jamshed Karimnazarov , Ryen W. White

People increasingly seek advice online from both human peers and large language model (LLM)-based chatbots. Such advice rarely involves identifying a single correct answer; instead, it typically requires navigating trade-offs among…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zhiyi Chen , Eun Cheol Choi , Yingjia Luo , Xinyi Wang , Yulei Xiao , Aizi Yang , Luca Luceri

AI tools, particularly large-scale language model (LLM) based applications such as ChatGPT, have the potential to simplify qualitative research. Through semi-structured interviews with seventeen participants, we identified challenges and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-14 He Zhang , Chuhao Wu , Jingyi Xie , Yao Lyu , Jie Cai , John M. Carroll

In this paper, we explore the problem of developing personalized chatbots. A personalized chatbot is designed as a digital chatting assistant for a user. The key characteristic of a personalized chatbot is that it should have a consistent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Hongjin Qian , Zhicheng Dou , Yutao Zhu , Yueyuan Ma , Ji-Rong Wen

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in customer-facing applications, a critical yet underexplored question is how users communicate differently with LLM chatbots compared to human agent. In this study, we present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Fulei Zhang , Zhou Yu

Conversational artificial intelligence (AI) provides an efficient and convenient gateway to information access. However, it can cause overreliance when users blindly trust AI and accept its answers without fact-checking. Information search…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Mert Yazan , Frederik Bungaran Ishak Situmeang , Suzan Verberne

People increasingly rely on online sources for health information seeking due to their convenience and timeliness, traditionally using search engines like Google as the primary search agent. Recently, the emergence of generative Artificial…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Xin Sun , Rongjun Ma , Xiaochang Zhao , Zhuying Li , Janne Lindqvist , Abdallah El Ali , Jos A. Bosch

The debut of ChatGPT has recently attracted the attention of the natural language processing (NLP) community and beyond. Existing studies have demonstrated that ChatGPT shows significant improvement in a range of downstream NLP tasks, but…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Sunhao Dai , Ninglu Shao , Haiyuan Zhao , Weijie Yu , Zihua Si , Chen Xu , Zhongxiang Sun , Xiao Zhang , Jun Xu

Surveys are a widespread method for collecting data at scale, but their rigid structure often limits the depth of qualitative insights obtained. While interviews naturally yield richer responses, they are challenging to conduct across…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Rune M. Jacobsen , Samuel Rhys Cox , Carla F. Griggio , Niels van Berkel

Communication traits in text-based human-AI conversations play pivotal roles in shaping user experiences and perceptions of systems. With the advancement of large language models (LLMs), it is now feasible to analyze these traits at a more…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Ananya Bhattacharjee , Jina Suh , Mahsa Ershadi , Shamsi T. Iqbal , Andrew D. Wilson , Javier Hernandez

The challenges of building knowledge-grounded retrieval-based chatbots lie in how to ground a conversation on its background knowledge and how to match response candidates with both context and knowledge simultaneously. This paper proposes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Jia-Chen Gu , Zhen-Hua Ling , Quan Liu , Zhigang Chen , Xiaodan Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have created opportunities for designing chatbots that can support complex question-answering (QA) scenarios and improve news audience engagement. However, we still lack an understanding of what roles…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Md Naimul Hoque , Ayman Mahfuz , Mayukha Kindi , Naeemul Hassan

Large Language Model (LLM) agents deployed for real-world tasks face a fundamental dilemma: user requests are underspecified, yet agents must decide whether to act on incomplete information or interrupt users for clarification. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yijiang River Dong , Tiancheng Hu , Zheng Hui , Caiqi Zhang , Ivan Vulić , Andreea Bobu , Nigel Collier

ChatGPT, an AI chatbot, has gained popularity for its capability in generating human-like responses. However, this feature carries several risks, most notably due to its deceptive behaviour such as offering users misleading or fabricated…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Xiao Zhan , Yifan Xu , Stefan Sarkadi

Generative AI is transforming the educational landscape, raising significant concerns about cheating. Despite the widespread use of multiple-choice questions in assessments, the detection of AI cheating in MCQ-based tests has been almost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Alona Strugatski , Giora Alexandron

The emergence of generative large language models (LLMs) raises the question: what will be its impact on crowdsourcing? Traditionally, crowdsourcing has been used for acquiring solutions to a wide variety of human-intelligence tasks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Jan Cegin , Jakub Simko , Peter Brusilovsky

The widespread integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) across various sectors has highlighted the need for empirical research to understand their biases, thought patterns, and societal implications to ensure ethical and effective use.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Manari Hirose , Masato Uchida