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We re-evaluate the standard practice of sharing weights between input and output embeddings in state-of-the-art pre-trained language models. We show that decoupled embeddings provide increased modeling flexibility, allowing us to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Hyung Won Chung , Thibault Févry , Henry Tsai , Melvin Johnson , Sebastian Ruder

Pre-trained word embeddings improve the performance of a neural model at the cost of increasing the model size. We propose to benefit from this resource without paying the cost by operating strictly at the sub-lexical level. Our approach is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-24 Karl Stratos

We explore efficient strategies to fine-tune decoder-only Large Language Models (LLMs) for downstream text classification under resource constraints. Two approaches are investigated: (1) attaching a classification head to a pretrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Amirhossein Yousefiramandi , Ciaran Cooney

A topic model is often formulated as a generative model that explains how each word of a document is generated given a set of topics and document-specific topic proportions. It is focused on capturing the word co-occurrences in a document…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Dongsheng Wang , Dandan Guo , He Zhao , Huangjie Zheng , Korawat Tanwisuth , Bo Chen , Mingyuan Zhou

We propose a novel word embedding pre-training approach that exploits writing errors in learners' scripts. We compare our method to previous models that tune the embeddings based on script scores and the discrimination between correct and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-05 Youmna Farag , Marek Rei , Ted Briscoe

Most state-of-the-art models in natural language processing (NLP) are neural models built on top of large, pre-trained, contextual language models that generate representations of words in context and are fine-tuned for the task at hand.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Brian Lester , Daniel Pressel , Amy Hemmeter , Sagnik Ray Choudhury , Srinivas Bangalore

Computationally intensive decoding procedures--including search, reranking, and self-critique--can improve the quality of language model (LM) outputs in problems spanning code generation, numerical reasoning, and dialog. Existing work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Mehul Damani , Idan Shenfeld , Andi Peng , Andreea Bobu , Jacob Andreas

Vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP are trained via contrastive learning between text and image pairs, resulting in aligned image and text embeddings that are useful for many downstream tasks. A notable drawback of CLIP, however, is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Dylan Sam , Devin Willmott , Joao D. Semedo , J. Zico Kolter

The ability of machine learning models to store input information in hidden layer vector embeddings, analogous to the concept of `memory', is widely employed but not well characterized. We find that language model embeddings typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Benjamin L. Badger

Designing powerful tools that support cooking activities has rapidly gained popularity due to the massive amounts of available data, as well as recent advances in machine learning that are capable of analyzing them. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Micael Carvalho , Rémi Cadène , David Picard , Laure Soulier , Nicolas Thome , Matthieu Cord

Embeddings extracted by pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) have significant potential to improve information retrieval and search. Beyond the zero-shot setup in which they are being conventionally used, being able to take advantage of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Jinsung Yoon , Sercan O Arik , Yanfei Chen , Tomas Pfister

Embedding models, which learn latent representations of users and items based on user-item interaction patterns, are a key component of recommendation systems. In many applications, contextual constraints need to be applied to refine…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-04 Syrine Krichene , Mike Gartrell , Clement Calauzenes

We study the problem of learning similarity by using nonlinear embedding models (e.g., neural networks) from all possible pairs. This problem is well-known for its difficulty of training with the extreme number of pairs. For the special…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-16 Bowen Yuan , Yu-Sheng Li , Pengrui Quan , Chih-Jen Lin

Current advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) have made it increasingly feasible to build applications leveraging textual data. Generally, the core of these applications rely on having a good semantic representation of text into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Thomas Uriot

Traditional neural word embeddings are usually dependent on a richer diversity of vocabulary. However, the language models recline to cover major vocabularies via the word embedding parameters, in particular, for multilingual language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Amit Kumar Jaiswal , Haiming Liu

This paper addresses the gap between general-purpose text embeddings and the specific demands of item retrieval tasks. We demonstrate the shortcomings of existing models in capturing the nuances necessary for zero-shot performance on item…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Yuxuan Lei , Jianxun Lian , Jing Yao , Mingqi Wu , Defu Lian , Xing Xie

Decoding from the output distributions of large language models to produce high-quality text is a complex challenge in language modeling. Various approaches, such as beam search, sampling with temperature, $k-$sampling, nucleus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Esteban Garces Arias , Julian Rodemann , Meimingwei Li , Christian Heumann , Matthias Aßenmacher

Real-world applications of neural language models often involve running many different models over the same corpus. The high computational cost of these runs has led to interest in techniques that can reuse the contextualized embeddings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Jon Saad-Falcon , Amanpreet Singh , Luca Soldaini , Mike D'Arcy , Arman Cohan , Doug Downey

Sentence embeddings enable us to capture the semantic similarity of short texts. Most sentence embedding models are trained for general semantic textual similarity tasks. Therefore, to use sentence embeddings in a particular domain, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Tim Schopf , Dennis N. Schneider , Florian Matthes

Pre-trained language models (LMs) obtain state-of-the-art performance when adapted to text classification tasks. However, when using such models in real-world applications, efficiency considerations are paramount. In this paper, we study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Laura Aina , Nikos Voskarides , Roi Blanco